Fatima Jane Telin

EVOLUTION AND Sean Esma

Kier Cabusao

ORIGIN OF Naif Mulok

BIODIVERSITY
GROUP 3
 HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH
– The earth is around 4.5 billion years old.
– The planet we call our home has undergone series of
geological and biological challenges that have changed not
only its landscape but also its inhabitants.

THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

The geological time scale is a record of the life forms and
geological events in Earth’s history. Scientist developed the time
scale by studying rock layers and fossils worldwide.
 Cenozoic Era
- Started 65 million years ago.
Precambrian Life - Continues into the present.
- Known as “recent life”
- Started more than 550 million years ago. - Subdivided into three periods: Paleogene,
- 88% of Earth’s History Neogene, Quaternary
- Hadean Era
- Archean Era
- Proterozoic Era

Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era - Started around 245 million years ago.
- Lasted for 180 million years.
- Started more than 540 million years ago. - Known as “middle life”
- Lasted for more than 300 million years.
Subdivided into three geological periods:
- Known as “Old Life”
• Triassic Period
- Subdivided into six geological periods:
• Jurassic Period
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, • Cretaceous Period
Carboniferous, and Permian
 BASIC MECHANISM OF
EVOLUTION
Georges-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon - Who observed that various geographic regions have different plants and animals
populations even when the environments are similar.

James Hutton – proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from process operating
like they are today over long period of time.

Charles Lyell – proposed the notion of the greater age of Earth gave more time for gradual change in species and the process of
change provided an analogy for gradual change in species.

Jean –Baptiste Lamarck - published a book that detailed a mechanism for evolutionary change.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace – conceived and described the actual mechanism for evolution. Both proposed and
present the idea of Natural Selection.
 There are four forces or mechanisms of evolutions that are
said to have caused disruptions in the equilibrium.

NATURAL SELECTION
Natural Selection was an inevitable outcome of three principles in nature:
1. Characteristics of organisms are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring.
2. More offspring are produced than are able to survive; in short, resources for
survival and reproduction are limited.
3. Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics and those
variations are inherited.
 MUTATION

– A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of
environmental factors.
– -Mutation can occur during DNA replication , if errors are made and not corrected in time.
– -Mutations contribute to genetic variation.

POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF MUTATIONS IN ORGANISM

 A mutation may affect the phenotype of an organism in a way that it gives it reduce fitness-lower likelihood for survival , resulting
in a fewer offspring.
 A mutation may produce a phenotype with beneficial effect on fitness.
 Many mutations, called neutral mutations, will have no effects on fitness.
 GENETIC DRIFT

Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population from generation that occurs due
to chance events. Genetic drift happens because the alleles in an offspring generation are random
sample of the alleles in the parent generation.
 GENE FLOW
– Gene flow, also called as migration is any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material that they
carry, from one population to another. It is the flow of alleles in and out of the population resulting from
the migration of individuals or gametes.
 RECOMBINATION
Recombination occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes. This is one of the important
means to promote and increase genetic diversity between generation. This process leads to the formation of
unique gametes with chromosomes thdifferent from thse parents.at are
MODERN SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF EVOLUTIONARY FORCES TO POPULATION GENETICS
Macroevolution – a broader scale of evolutionary changes seen over paleontological time.

Microevolution - the change in population’s genetic structure

Population genetics – is the study of genetic variation within populations, and involves the examination and modelling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – A theory states that a population’s allele and genotype frequences are inherently stable.

Sex selection – A special case of natural selection. Sex selection refers to the practice of using medical techniques to choose the sex of offspring.
Different types of Natural Selection
 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSILS

Fossils show a progression of

evolution. Scientists determine the age of
fossils and categorize them all over the
world to determine when the organism
lived relative to each other.
 EMBRYOLOGY AND ANOTOMY
Another type of evidence for evolution is the presence of structures in organism
that share the same basic form. For example, the bones and the appendages of a
human, dog, bird, and whale all share the same overall construction.
 EMBRYOLOGY

The study of the development of the anatomy of an organism

to its adult form also provides evidence of relatedness between
now widely divergent groups of organism.
Homologous - Having the same origin although
now having a different purpose or shape as a
result of evolution.
.The wing of a bat and the arm of the man are
homologous structures.

Analogous - Performing a similar function but

having a different evolutionary origin.
.The wings of insects and birds.
 Patterns of Descent with modification 

Refers to the passing on of traits

from parent organisms to their offspring.
This passing on of traits is known as
heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is
the gene.Descent with modification is
simply passing traits from parent to
offspring, and this concept is one of the
fundamental ideas behind Charles
Darwin's theory of evolution
 BIOGEOGRAPHY
The study of the distribution of species and
ecosystems in geographic space and through
geological time. The geographic distribution of
organisms on the planet follows patterns that are
best eplained by evolution in conjunction with the
movement of tectonic plates over geologic time.
 SPECIATION

Speciation is the formation of new species. Speciation is the

evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct
species. For speciation to occur , two new populations must be formed
from one original population, and they must evolve in such a way that
it becomes impossible for individuals to interbreed.

There are two broad categories of speciation:

Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
 ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

Allopatric speciation also known as geographic speciation, is speciation that

occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to
geographical changes such as mountain building or social changes such as
emigration. Allopatric speciation, meaning speciation in “other homelands”
involves a geographic separations of populations from a parent species and
subsequent evolution.
 SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

Sympatric speciation is a speciation that occurs when two groups of

the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve
differently until they can no longer interbreed and arte considered
different species. It means speciation in “same homeland”, involves
speciation occuring within a parent species while remaining in one
location.