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2,4 Pipes&Pumps
2,4 Pipes&Pumps
Ahmed Abdel-Naby
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines
Mech. Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria Univ.
email: hydrocareeg@hotmail.com
Table of Contents
Chapter One:
• Fluid Properties
• Density
• Viscosity
• Vapor pressure
##Governing equations
• Continuity equation
• Bernoulli’s equation
• Energy per unit weight
• Friction Head Losses
• Minor Losses
• Loss coefficients for pipe components
Chapter Two:
• Classification of pumps
Pump terminology
• System Characteristics and Pump Head
• Total dynamic head
• Power
• Pump Performance curves
• Net positive suction head (NPSH)
• Affinity laws
• Effect of fluid viscosity
• Flow, head and power coefficients
• Understanding the System Head Curves
• Variants in Pumping Systems
Chapter Three:
• Centrifugal Pump Construction
• Classification
• Casings
• Radial Thrust
• Impellers
• Impeller Mechanical Types
• Wearing Rings
• Axial Thrust
• Axial Thrust in Multi-Stage Pumps
• Shafts and Shaft Sleeves
• Mechanical Seals
Chapter Four:
• Centrifugal Pump Performance
• Characteristic Curves (Pump Theory)
• Real & Ideal Fluid
• Performance parameters (Affinity Laws)
• Specific Speed
• Modifications to Impeller and Casing
• Reduction of Cavitation Damage
• Pump Selection
• Priming
• Capacity Regulation
• Parallel and series Operation
• Operation at Other than Normal Capacity
Pump Cavitation:
• Pump Cavitation
• Concept of Cavitation
• Mechanism of Cavitation
• General Symptoms of Cavitation
Chapter Five:
## Piping:
• Suction Piping
• Discharge Piping
• Piping Strains
• Expansion Joints
## Operation:
• Pre-Operational Checks
• Starting and Stopping Procedures
• The pump in operation
• Diagnosing pump and Seal Problems in Field
• Pump Preventive maintenance
Chapter Six:
• Maintenance
• Daily observation of pump operation
• Semi-annual inspection
• Annual Inspection
• Spare and repair parts
• Diagnosis of Pump Problems
• Centrifugal Pump Hydraulic performance Diagnostics
• Cavitation
• Suction and Discharge Recirculation
• Axial Thrust
• Radial Thrust
Chapter Seven (Applications)
• Pumps in Petroleum Industry
• Refinery Pumps
• Construction
• Performance
• Materials
• Drives
• Pipeline Pumps
• Construction
• Performance
• Materials
• Special services: Water-flood
• Reactor Feed Pumps
• Pumping of Viscous Liquid
Chapter Eight
Positive-Displacement Pumps
• Vane Pumps
• Gear Pumps
• Piston pumps
• Radial piston pumps
• Axial piston pumps
• Screw Pumps
• Pump Efficiencies
• Performance
• Trouble shooting
Chapter One
Fluid Properties
Density(ρ): it is the mass per unit volume
ρ = mass/volume = M/v (Kg/m3)
ρ for water (ρw = 1000 kg/m3) at 4o c
Specific Weight(γ): defined as Weigh per unit volume
γ = weight/ volume = W/V ( N/m3 )
γ =ρg
γ for water (γw = 9800 N/m3 )
S.G. = ρf / ρw
du
dy
Dynamic viscosity ,μ, in:
N.s/ m2 or Pa.s or Kg/m.s
or poise ( dyne.s/cm2 )
v/
Vapor Pressure ( Pvap ):
Pour Point
1. Continuity equation.
G ρAV ρQ
Q AV
For steady flow:
G1 G 2 1 A1V1 2 A2V2
Q1 Q2 A1V1 A2V2
V Q/ A
2. Bernoulli's Equation.
E = P/ρg + Z + V2/2g
Where:
2
z p / V / 2g z p / V 2 / 2g
1 1 1 2 2 2
E
1 = E
2
z p / V / 2g
2+ losses
z p / V / 2g h
2
1 1 1 2 2 2 L
Losses in pipes
RN = ρvd/μ
τw= fn (V, D, ρ, µ, e)
Transmission Lines
Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines Transmission Lines
Side boom Side boom
Transmission Lines
Industrial Applications
Valves
Valves
Gate Valves
Check Valves
Butter Fly Valve
Piping & Valves
Pumps
• Definition.
• Applications.
• Types.
• Selection.
Definition
where:
P is the pump pressure
Q is he pump flow rate
γ liquid specific weight
Hm is the pump head
Pump applications
• Lifting pump.
• Circulating pump.
• Boosting pump.
Lifting Pump
Hst ( +ve )
+ ve
P - ve
Hst ( 0 )
P
Boosting Pump
Hst ( -ve )
P
Piping System Calculations:
• Static suction head (hs.s): The static suction
head is the difference in elevation between the
wet well liquid level and the datum elevation of
the pump impeller. If the wet well liquid level is
below the pump datum, so hs is negative.
• In SI units, P = Q Hm/c
Psh= QHm/C ή
Pump efficiency
• Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio between the
output power and input power which is usually range
from 20 to 85%.
Positive Pumps
Roto-dynamic Non-Mech. Pumps
Pumps Reciprocating P.P. Rotary P.P. 1. Jet pump
1. Centrifugal pump 2. Air lift pump
2. Propeller pump 1. Piston Pump 1. Gear Pump
2. Diaphragm Pump 2. Screw Pump
3. Vane Pump
4. Parallel cylinder
piston pump
1- Roto-dynamic Pressure
Pumps
• Pumps are divided into three groups:
• Radial-flow pumps
• Mixed-flow pumps
• Axial-flow or propeller pumps.
Aging of pipes,
• For example, the use of a discharge valve to change the system head for
the purpose of varying pump flow during a shop performance test.
• The maximum flow is obtained with a completely open valve, and the
only resistance to flow is the friction in the piping, fittings, and flow meter.
3
Q1 N1 Q1 D1
Q2 N2 Q2 D2
2
H1 N1
2 H1 D1
H2 N2 H 2 D2
5
BHP1 D1
BHP1 N1
3
BHP2 D 2
BHP2 N 2
Effect of Fluid Viscosity
• Classification
• Casings
• Radial Thrust
• Impellers
• Impeller Mechanical Types
• Wearing Rings
• Axial Thrust
• Axial Thrust in Multi-Stage Pumps
• Shafts and Shaft Sleeves
• Mechanical Seals
Impellers
• This pump derives its name from the spiral-shaped casing surrounding the
impeller.
• This casing section collects the liquid discharged by the impeller and converts
velocity energy to pressure energy .
• A centrifugal pump volute increases in area from its initial point until it
encompasses the full 360 around the impeller and then flares out to the final
discharge opening.
• In propeller and other pumps in which axial-flow impellers are used, it is not
practical to use a volute casing ; instead, the impeller is enclosed in a pipe-like
casing.
• A pump in which the head is developed by
a single impeller is called a single-
stage pump.
• Often the total head to be developed
requires the use of two or more
impellers operating in series,or multi-
stage, each taking its suction from the
discharge of the preceding impeller.
Horizontal Multi-
stage pump
Submersible pumps
multi-stage
Radial Thrust
Arrangement of multi-stage volute pump for radial-thrust balance
AXIAL THRUST
• Leakage joints
• Internal bearings
• In the waterways
Sleeve with External locknut Sleeve with internal impeller
And Impeller key extending into nut, external shaft-sleeve nut,
sleeve to prevent slip And separate key for sleeve
Seal arrangement for shaft sleeve
to prevent leakage along the shaft
Sealing Liquid Arrangements
Water seal unit
Lantern Ring
Lantern ring (also called seal cage)
Weighted grease sealer. (Worthington Pump)
automatic grease sealer mounted on a vertical sewage pump
MECHANICAL SEALS
• The conventional stuffing box design and
composition packing are impractical to use for sealing
a rotating shaft for many conditions of service.
• Secondary seals:
These consist of O-rings or other suitable gasket
materials.
• Hardware:
This consists mainly of the spring(s) and a retainer,
normally made of a series 300 stainless steel.
Basic components of a mechanical seal..
Comparison of packing and mechanical seals
Advantages Disadvantages
Packing
1. Lower initial cost
2. Easily installed as rings and glands
are split
3. Good reliability to medium pressures 1. Relatively high leakage
and shaft speeds
4. Can handle large axial movements 2. Requires regular maintenance
(thermal expansion of stuffing box
versus shaft) 3. Wear of shaft and shaft sleeve
5. Can be used in rotating or can be relatively high
reciprocating applications 4. Power losses may be high
6. Leakage tends to increase
gradually, giving warning of impending
breakdown
Advantages Disadvantages
Mechanical seals
1. Very low leakage/no leakage
2. Require no maintenance
Turbine is a hydraulic
machine used to convert
hydraulic power into
mechanical power
I/P O/P
( Hyd. Energy )
T ( Mech. Energy )
Dams and Reservoirs
A picture for A hydro-power plant
Water Turbines
Francis Turbine
Spiral casing
Runner
Draft tube
Types of Hydraulic Turbine Runners
Aerodynamics
Automotives
Wind Tunnels
Sports machines require the understanding of F.M.