CHAPTER III

CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
 JUDGMENT
It is a mental operation
that pronounces the
agreement/disagreement
between two ideas.
 PROPOSITION
It is a linguistic
expression or the
sensible sign of the
judgment.
3 ELEMENTS OF A
PROPOSITION
Subject
Predicate
Copula
 COPULA
They are linking verbs.

EXAMPLES:
 is, am, are, was, were
 is not, am not, are not,
were not
 CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
It gives a direct
assertion of agreement
/disagreement between
the subject term and the
predicate term.
 TYPES OF
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
STANDARD FORM
It contains the quantifier, subject, predicate,
and the copula.
NON-STANDARD FORM
These are incomplete propositions.
QUANTIFIER
It indicates the degree of universality of the
subject.
 2 TYPES OF
QUANTIFIERS
UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIER
POSITIVE – All, Every, Any
NEGATIVE – No, None
PARTICULAR QUANTIFIER
Some, At least one, Most, Almost all,
The majority
 QUANTITY AND
QUALITY COMBINED
CATEGORICAL
PROPOSITION
From the combination of
quality and quantity, we derive
4 standard forms of categorical
propositions .The vowels
A,E,I,O are used to represent
each proposition.
A - Universal/Singular
Affirmative Propositions
E - Universal/ Singular
Negative Propositions
I - Particular/Affirmative
Propositions
O - Particular/Negative
Propositions
 SQUARE OF
OPPOSITION
A E
SUB-ALTERNATE SUB-ALTERNATE
CONTRARIES

CONTRADICTORIES

I SUB-CONTRARIES O
SUB-ALTERNATE SUB-ALTERNATE
CONTRARIES - A-E E-A
SUB-CONTRARIES - I-O O-I
CONTRADICTORIES - A-O O-A
I-E E-I
SUB ALTERNATES - A-I E-O
 
UNIVERSAL - A-E
PARTICULAR - I-O
POSITIVE - A-I
NEGATIVE - E-O
THE LAWS OF
LOGICAL
OPPOSITION
 CONTRARY
If one is true, the other is
false
If one is false, the other is
doubtful [either true or
false]
 CONTRADICTORY
If one is true, the other is
false
If one is false, the other is
false
 SUB-CONTRARY
 if one is false, the other is
true
If one is true, the other is
doubtful [either true or
false]
 SUB-ALTERNATION
If the universal is true, the
particular is true
If the universal is false, the
particular is doubtful

 If the particular is false, the

universal is false
 If the particular is true, the
universal is doubtful