Microprogrammed Control Unit for Multiplication

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 Microinstruction Format

2 bits 4 bits 13 bits

A 19-bit microinstruction word

13 1-bit control field c0 - c11, END

4 conditions for condition select field

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Twos-Complement Multiplier

Symbolic microprogram for twos-complement

multiplication
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 Twos-Complement Multiplier (cont’d)

Binary microprogram for twos-complement multiplication

Archi ( CT-404 ) 4
 Twos-Complement Multiplier (cont’d)

Structure of Microprogrammed Control Unit for Twos-Complement

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Multiplier
 Control-field encoding I

- Only 8 control signals left in control field

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 Control-field encoding II

- Only 5 control signals left

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Control-field encoding III (Encoding by Function)

Figure (a)Microinstruction format with control field encoded by function and

(b) their interpretation. 8
 Multiple microinstruction formats

Compare with
Fig 5. 36 (a) and
(b)

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 Concepts of Nano programming

 Nano programming gives an alternative strategy to generate

control signals.
 In some microprogrammed processors, the micro instructions are
not directly used by the decoder to generate control signals.
 This is achieved by the use of a second control memory called a
Nano control memory (nCM).
 The process of generation of control signals using nano
instructions is shown in Figure
 A higher level control memory is known as micro control
memory (µCM)
 A lower level control memory is known as Nano control memory
(nCM).

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Concepts of Nano programming (cont’d)

Figure Two-level control store organization for nanoprogramming 11

 Concepts of Nano programming (cont’d)

 The µCM stores micro instructions whereas nCM stores nano

instructions.
 The decoder uses Nano instructions from nCM to generate
control signals.
 Nano instruction addresses are generated by a nano program
counter and nano instructions are placed in a register nIR.
 The next address of nIR is generated by either incrementing the
nPC or loading it from external source (branch field or address
from micro instruction opcode).

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 Advantages of Nano programming
1. Reduces total size of required control memory
 In two level control design technique, the total control memory size
S2 = Hm x Wm + Hn x Wn
Hm  the number of words in the high level memory
Wm  the size of word in the high level memory
Hn  the number of words in the low level memory
Wn  the size of word in the low level memory
 Micro programs are vertically organized Hm large, Wm small
 Nano programming has a highly parallel horizontal organization 
Wn large, Hn small.
 This gives the compatible size for single level control unit as

S1=(Hm x Wn ) > S2
 The reduced size of control memory reduces the total chip area.

2. Greater design flexibility

 Because of two level memories organization, more design
flexibility exists between instructions and hardware. 13
 Dis-advantages of Nano programming

1. loss of speed due to the extra memory access required for nCM
2. more complex control unit organization

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