University of Palestine

COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND URBAN PLAINING

Electrical Machine & Control Systems

Lecture #13
Electrical Machines

Eng. Mohammed A. Timraz

 Chapter 7
DC Machines
Fundamentals
 Introduction

• A DC Machines can be used as either a DC generator or a

DC motor.
• DC generators
- To convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- Limited use due to solid state rectifier.
• DC motors
- To convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
- Widely used
- Main feature: speed control is simple and cheap
Construction
Construction
 Construction

• DC Machine = Stator + Rotor (armature)

- Stator: stationary part ~ does not move, the outer frame of
the machines is made of ferromagnetic materials.
- Rotor (Armature): rotating part ~ free to move, the inner
part of the machine is made of ferromagnetic materials.
- Field winding: is wound on the stator poles to produce
magnetic field (flux) in the air gap.
- Armature winding: is composed of coils placed in the
armature slots.
 Construction

- Commutator: is composed of copper bars, insulated from

each other. The armature winding is connected to the
commutator.
- Brush: placed against the commutator surface. Brush is
used to connect the armature winding to external circuit
through commutator.
 Construction

• The conductor placed in the slots of the stator or

rotor are interconnected to form windings.
• The winding in which voltage is induced is called the
armature winding.
• The winding through which a current is passed to
produce the primary source of flux in the machine is
called the field winding.
 Construction

In the DC machine, the field winding is placed on the

stator and the armature winding on the rotor.

DC motor stator
DC motor rotor
Cutaway view of a dc motor
Details of the commutator of a dc motor
 Armature Windings

A turn consists of two conductors connected to one end

by an end connector.
A coil is formed by connecting several turns in series.
A winding is formed by connecting several coils in
series.
 Armature Windings

Cut and unroll of DC machine

 Armature Windings

Electrical degree and mechanical degree

Pole pitch is the distance between the centers of

two adjacent poles
 Armature Windings

Two basic sequences of armature winding connections:

a) Lap windings
b) Wave windings
Lap Winding
 Lap Winding

Consider coil shown by the dark lines with one end

connected to the commutator bar no 2. The coil is placed
in slots 2 and 7 such that the coils sides are placed in
similar positions under adjacent poles. This is called lap
winding because as the winding progresses the coils laps
back on itself.
 Lap Winding

We can conclude, in a lap winding, the number of parallel

paths, “a” is always equal to the number of poles, “P” and
also to the number of brushes.
 Wave Winding

The coil arrangement and the end connections are illustrated by

the dark lines shown in figure above for two coils. One end of
the coil starts at commutator bar 2 and the coil sides are placed
in slots 7 and 12. The other end of coil is connected to
commutator bar 13. The second coil starts at this commutator
bar and is placed in slots 18 and 2 and ends on commutator bar
3. This winding is called a wave winding because the coils are
laid down a wave pattern.
 Wave Winding

In wave windings, the number of parallel paths, ”a” is

always two and there may be two or more brush
positions.
 DC machines operates as a generator
A simple rotating loop between curved poles faces

Perspective view
Magnetic for DC machine is supplied by the magnetic
north and south poles shown on the stator (field
winding)
A simple rotating loop between curved poles faces

View of field lines Top view

A simple rotating loop between curved poles faces

Front view