University of Somalia (Uniso) : Chapte

UNIVERSITY OF SOMALIA
(UNISO)
CHAPTE 5
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Major structures of cardiovascular system
1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels
a) Arteries
b) Capillaries
c) Veins
3. Blood

FUNCTIONS OF THECARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen

and nutrients to the other body tissues.
 Blood returns some waste products from these
tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon
dioxide back to the lungs.
 Blood cells also play important roles in the
immune system.

Heart
 The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located

between the lungs. It is a very effective pump
that furnish the power to maintain the blood
flow needed throughout the entire body. .

Pericardium
 The pericardium also known as the

pericardial sac, is the double-walled
membranous sac that encloses the heart.
 The parietal pericardium is the tough outer
layer that forms a fibrous sac that surrounds
and protects the heart.

 The visceral pericardium, which is the inner layer
of the pericardium, also forms the outer layer
of the heart. When referred to as the outer
layer of the heart, it is known as the
epicardium.
 Pericardial fluid is found between these two
layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent
friction when the heart beats.

Walls of the Heart
 Epicardium is the external layer of the heart

and the inner layer of the pericardium.
 Myocardium, also known as myocardial
muscle, is the middle and thickest of the heart’s
three layers and consists of specialized cardiac
muscle tissue.
 Endocardium, which consists of epithelial
tissue, is the inner lining of the heart.

Blood Supply to the Myocardium
 The myocardium, which beats constantly, must
have continuous supply of oxygen and
nutrients plus prompt waste removal in order to
survive. If for any reason this blood supply is
disrupted, the myocardiumin the affected area
dies.
 The coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-
rich blood to the myocardium, The veins, which
are shown here in blue, remove waste
products from the myocardium.
The Chambers of the Heart
 The heart is divided into left and right sides.
Each side is subdivided to form the four
chambers of the heart.
 Atria are the two upper chambers of the heart.
They are the receiving chambers, and all
blood vessels coming into the heart enter here.
 The atria are separated by the interatrial
septum.
Septum is a wall that separates two chambers.

 Ventricles are the two lower chambers of the
heart. They are the pumping chambers, and all
blood vessels leaving the heart emerge from the
ventricles.
 The ventricles of the heart, which are separated
by the interventricular septum, are the
pumping chambers.
 The walls of the ventricles are thicker than
those of the atria because the ventricles must
pump blood throughout the body.
The Valves of the Heart
 The flow of blood through the heart is

controlled by four valves. If any of these
valves is not working correctly, blood does
not flow properly through.
 Tricuspid valve
 Mitral valve
 pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

 The tricuspid valve controls the opening between
the right atrium and the right ventricle.
 The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid
valve, is located between the left atrium and left
ventricles.
 pulmonary semilunar valve is located between
the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
 Aortic semilunar valve is located between the
left ventricle and the aorta.

Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
 Blood is pumped through the systemic

and pulmonary circulation systems.
Together these systems allow blood to
bring oxygen to the cells and to remove
waste products.

Pulmonary Circulation
 Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood only between

the heart and lungs.
 The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood out
of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only
place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried
by arteries instead of veins
 The pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from
the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the
only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated
blood.

Systemic Circulation
 Systemic circulation includes the flow of

blood to all parts of the body except the
lungs.
 Oxygenated blood flows out of the left
ventricle and into arterial circulation.
 The veins carry deoxygenated blood into
the right atrium.
THE BLOOD VESSELS
 The arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood

away from the heart to all regions of the body.The walls
of the arteries are composed of three layers.This
structure makes them muscular and elastic so they can
expand and contract with the pumping beat of the heart.
The term endarterial means pertaining to the inner
portion of an artery or within an artery.
 Arterial blood is bright red in color because it is oxygen-
rich. It is the pumping action of the heart that causes
blood to spurt out when an artery is cut.

Veins
 Veins form a low-pressure collecting system to return
oxygen-poor blood to the heart. The walls of the
veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the
arteries.
 Veins have valves that enable blood to flow only
toward the heart and prevent it from flowing away from
the heart.
 Superficial veins are located near the body surface.
 Deep veins are located within the tissues and away
from the body surface.

 The venae cavae are the two largest veins in
the body. These are the veins that return
blood into the heart.
 The superior vena cava transports blood from
the upper portion of the body to the heart .
 The inferior vena cava transports blood from
the lower portion of the body to the heart.

Capillaries
 Capillaries, which are only one epithelial cell in

thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the
body. The capillaries form networks of expanded
vascular beds that have the important role of
delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the
tissues.

BLOOD
 Blood is the fluid tissue in the body. It is
composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45%
formed elements.
 Plasma is a straw-colored fluid that contains
nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
 Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9%
consists mainly of proteins, including the clotting
proteins.
 Serum is plasma fluid after the blood cells and
the clotting proteins have been removed.
Formed Elements of the Blood
 Erythrocytes
 Leukocytes
 Thrombocytes

Medical specialties related to the
cardiovascular system
 cardiologist is a physician who specializes in
diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and
disorders of the heart.
 Hematologist is a physician who specializes in
diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and
disorders of the blood and blood forming
tissues.
 vascular surgeon is a physician who specializes in the
diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment
of disorders of the blood vessels.

Pathology of the cardiovascular
system
 Congenital Heart Defects s are structural
abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart
to develop normally before birth .
 Coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis of
the coronary arteries that reduces the blood
supply to the heart muscle.
 Atherosclerosis is hardening and narrowing of
the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol
plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

Ischemic Heart Disease
 Ischemic heart disease is a group of cardiac

disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply
of oxygenated blood to the heart. These
diseases are usually associated with coronary
artery disease.
 schemia is a condition in which there is an
insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted
blood flow by to a part of the body. For example,
cardiac ischemia is the lack of blood flow and
oxygen to the heart muscle.
 Angina also known as angina pectoris,
condition of episodes of severe chest pain
due to inadequate blood flow to the
myocardium. These episodes are due to
ischemia of the heart muscle.
 Myocardial infarction also known as a heart
attack, is the occlusion of one or more
coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

 Heart failure, which is also referred to as
congestive heart failure, occurs most commonly
in the elderly. This is a chronic condition in
which the heart is unable to pump out all of the
blood that it receives. The decreased pumping
action causes congestion.
 Left-sided heart failure, which is also known
as pulmonary edema, causes an accumulation
of fluid in the lungs. This occurs because the
left side of the heart is not efficiently pumping
blood to and from the lungs.
 Right-sided heart failure causes fluid buildup
beginning with the feet and legs.
 Myocarditis is an inflammation of the
myocardium
 Pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium
that causes an accumulation of fluid within the
pericardial sac. This fluid restricts the beating
of the heart and reduces the ability of the heart
to pump blood throughout the body.

Diseases of the Myocardium
 Cardiomyopathy is the term used to describe

all diseases of the heart muscle.
 Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner
lining of the heart.

Heart Valves
 Heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard
when listening to the heart or neighboring large
blood vessels. Heart murmurs are most often
caused by defective heart valves.
 Valvulitis is an inflammation of a heart valve.
 Valvular prolapse is the abnormal protrusion
of heart valve that results in the inability of the
valve to close completely. Prolapse means the
falling or dropping down of an organ or internal
part.
 This condition is named for the affected valve,
such as a mitral valve prolapse.
 Valvular stenosis is a condition in which there is
narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of
one or more valves of the heart. Stenosis is the
abnormal narrowing of an opening.

Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmias
 Cardiac arrest is an event in which the heart
abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal
arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood.
Sudden cardiac death results if treatment is not
provided within a few minutes.
 Bradycardia is an abnormally slow resting heart
rate This term is usually applied to rates less than
60 beats per minute.
 Tachycardia is an abnormally rapid resting heart
rate. This term is usually applied to rates greater
than 100beats per minute.
Blood Vessels
 Angiitis also known as vasculitis, is the inflammation of

a blood or lymph vessel.
 Angiostenosis is the abnormal narrowing of a blood
vessel.
 Hemangioma is a benign tumor made up of newly
formed blood vessels.
 Hypoperfusion is a deficiency of blood passing through
an organ or body part.
 Polyarteritis, is a form of Angiitis involving
several medium and small arteries at the same time.

Arteries and veins
 Aneurysm is a localized weak spot,or balloon-
like enlargement, of the wall of an artery. The
rupture of an aneurysm can be fatal because of
the rapid loss of blood. Aneurysms are named
for the artery involved such as aortic
aneurysms, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and
popliteal aneurysms.
 Phlebitis is the inflammation of a vein This
usually occurs in a superficial vein .

 Varicose veins are abnormally swollen veins,
usually occurring in the superficial veins of the
legs. Varicose veins occur when the valves in
the veins malfunction and allow blood to pool in
these veins, causing them to enlarge.
.

Blood Disorders
 Hemochromatosis, also known as iron

overload disease, is a genetic disorder in
which the intestines absorb too much iron. The
excess iron that is absorbed enters the
bloodstream and accumulates in organs where
it causes damage.
 leukopenia describes any situation in which
the total number of leukocytes in the
circulating blood is less than normal .

Polycythemia is an abnormal increase in the
number of red cells in the blood due to excess
production of these cells by the bone marrow.
 Septicemia, formerly known as blood
poisoning, is a systemic condition caused by
the spread of microorganisms and their toxins
via the circulating blood.

 Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which
there is an abnormally small number of
platelets circulating in the blood. Because these
cells help the blood to clot, this condition is
sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding.
 Thrombocytosis is an abnormal increase in
the number of platelets in the circulating blood.

 Myelodysplastic syndrome, previously known
as preleukemia, is a group of bone marrow
disorders that are characterized by the
insufficient production of one or more types of
blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone
marrow.
 Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by
progressive increase in the number of abnormal
leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood
forming tissues, other organs, and in the
circulating blood.
Anemia
 Aplastic anemia is characterized by an

absence of all formed blood elements caused
by the failure of blood cell production in the bone
marrow.
 Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of the protein
intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb
vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin
B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.

Diagnostic procedures of the
cardiovascular system
 Angiography is a radiographic (x-ray) study of

the blood vessels after the injection of a
contrast medium.
 Electrocardiography is the noninvasive
process of recording the electrical activity of
the myocardium.


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UNIVERSITY OF SOMALIA

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 The pericardium also known as the

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Epicardium is the external layer of the heart

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 The flow of blood through the heart is

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Blood is pumped through the systemic

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood only between

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Systemic circulation includes the flow of

 The arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Capillaries, which are only one epithelial cell in

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Ischemic heart disease is a group of cardiac

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cardiomyopathy is the term used to describe

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Angiitis also known as vasculitis, is the inflammation of

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hemochromatosis, also known as iron

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Aplastic anemia is characterized by an

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Angiography is a radiographic (x-ray) study of

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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