EECE/CS 253 Image Processing: Richard Alan Peters II

EECE\CS 253 Image Processing
Lecture Notes: The 1&2-Dimensional

Lecture Notes Fourier Transforms
Richard Alan Peters II
Department of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science
Fall Semester 2007
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Signal:
A measurable phenomenon that changes over time
or throughout space.
sound image
code
01101000101101110110010110001
1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

Saturday, April 23, 2022
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Signals: Space-Time vs. Frequency-Domain
Representation
Space/time representation: a graph of the

measurements with respect to a point in time and/or
positions in space.
Fact: signals undulate (otherwise they’d contain
no information).
Frequency-domain representation: an exact
description of a signal in terms of its undulations.

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Origin of Sounds
 The mechanical vibrations of an object in an atmosphere.
 Vibrations: internal elastic motions of the material.

The surface of the object undulates causing
compressions and rarefactions in the air which propagate
through the air away from the surface.
 An object vibrates with different modes.

A mode is a vibratory pattern with a distinctive shape —
part of the object surface moves out while another part
moves in — a standing wave.

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Vibratory Modes / Standing Waves: Examples
displacement from rest position internal pressure
string modes pipe modes
Note that Note that

the modes the negatives
are all of these also
sinusoids.
2022
1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters will occur 5
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2
Sound Waves: Emerge from the superposition of the modes.
string sound
pipe sound
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Sound Waves: Emerge from the superposition of the modes.
string sound
pipe sound
The vibratory modes
add up to one complex
Even-order Odd-order
motion that pushes
harmonics harmonics
the air around the
vibrating object

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Fact: Any Real Signal has Odd-order harmonics
a Frequency-Domain sq t  


1  2
sin  2n  1 t 
Representation n   2n  1  
The modes shown (blue)

sum to the rippling
square wave (black).
As the number of modes

in the sum becomes large,
it approaches a square
wave (red).

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Frequency-Domain Representation
Any periodic signal can be described by a sum of sinusoids.
1 2
sin  2n  1 t 

sq t   
n   2n  1  
The sinusoids are called

“basis functions”.
The multipliers are called

“Fourier coefficients”.

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1 2
sin  2n  1 t 

sq t   
n   2n  1  

The multipliers are called Basis

“Fourier coefficients”. functions

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1 2
sin  2n  1 t 

sq t   
n   2n  1  

The multipliers are called The Fourier

“Fourier coefficients”. coefficients
(of a square
1999-2007wave).
by Richard Alan Peters
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Example: Partial Sums of a Square Wave
The limit of the

given sequence
of partial sums1
is exactly a
square wave
1 sine 2 sines 4 sines
1
the limit as n
approaches
infinity of the
sum of n sines.
8 sines 16 sines 32 sines

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Anatomy of a Sinusoid
f (t)
2 1 / is the frequency of the sinusoid (Hz).

f t   A sin  t   

  2 / is the angular frequency (radians/s ).

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The Inner Product: a Measure of Similarity
The similarity between functions f and g on the interval -λ / 2 , λ / 2
can be defined by
 /2
f,g   f t  g * t  dt
 /2
where g * t  is the complex conjugate of g t .

This number, called the inner product of f and g , can also be
thought of as the amount of g in f or as the projection of f onto g.
If f and g have the same energy, then their inner product is
maximal if f  g. On the other hand if f , g  0, then f and g
have nothing in common.
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Inner Products
a function, f pointwise product f(t)g(t)
1024
g is a component of f  f t  g t dt  0.12

0

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Inner Products
a function, f pointwise product f(t)h(t)
1024
h is a not a comp. of f  f t ht dt  0

0

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Inner Product of a Periodic Function and a Sinusoid
 /2  /2
f,g   f t  sin  t dt
2

f,g   f t  cos  t dt
2

 /2  /2
 /2
 f t  cos t   i sin  t dt

2 2
3 different
f,g    representations
 /2
 /2 2 2
 t   i sin  t 
i t
f t  e
i t
  
dt 2 2
e 
 cos  
 /2
 /2
  f t  e i t dt 
2π
 /2
λ

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 /2  /2
f,g   f t  sin  t dt
2

f,g   f t  cos  t dt
2

 /2  /2
real number results
 /2 yield the amplitude
f , g  f t of    
costhat  
2 sinusoid2in

t  i sin  t dt
 / 2
the function.
 /2 2
i t
  f t e
 /2

dt
 /2
  f t  e i t dt
 /2

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2
 /2  /2
f,g   f t  sin  t dt
2

f,g   f t  cos  t dt
2

 /2  /2
 /2
f,g     t  i sin  t dt
f t  cos 2

2

 /2
 /2 2
i t Complex number result
  f t  e 
dt yields the amplitude and
 /2
phase of that sinusoid in
 /2
the function.
  f t  e i t dt
 /2

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is the decomposition of a -periodic
The Fourier Series signal into a sum of sinusoids.

 2 n   2 n  The representation of a
f t   A0   An cos  t   Bn sin  t function by its Fourier
n 1       Series is the sum of sinu-
soidal “basis functions”
periodic :    such that f (t  n )  f (t ). multiplied by coefficients.
 /2
Fourier coefficients are
2    2 n  dt for n  0
An  f t  cos  t   n 
generated by taking the
 
 
    inner product of the
 / 2 function with the basis.
/2
2    2 n 
t  n  dt for n  0
The basis functions
Bn   f t  sin  correspond to modes
     
 / 2 of vibration.

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can also be written in terms
The Fourier Series of complex exponentials
 2 n  2 n
i  t n 
i  1
i t
f t    Cn e    Cn e   
n   n  

 2 n   2 n
  Cn cos  t  n   i  Cn sin  t  n  Cn  Cn e  i n
n        
1
 /2
i
2 n
t e i x  cos x  i sin x
Cn  Cn e i n 
  / 2 
f t  e  dt
/2 f ( t  n )  f ( t )
1    2 n   2 n 
  f t  cos  t   n   i  sin  t  n  dt for all intergers n
        
 / 2

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The Fourier Series Cont’d. on next page.
Relationship between the real and the complex Fourier Series


2 n
f t    An cos n t  Bn sin n t , where n 
n 0 
2    /2  /2
   f   cos n d cos n t   f   sin  n d sin n t 
 n 0    / 2  / 2

2   /2
   f  cos n cos n t  sin n sin  n t d
 n 0  / 2
 The sine-plus-cosine
1 /2
   f  cos n   n t  d form results from the
 n     / 2 projection of f onto a
cosine that is in phase
with the current time.
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Relationship between the real and the Cont’d. on next page.
complex Fourier Series (cont’d.)


0   sin  n   n t  .
Claim:
n  
 /2
 Then add

 f    sin  n   n t  d  0. zero to the
Therefore:
 n  
 / 2 equation at
the end of
1 
Thus: /2
-i 
 n  
 f  sin n   n t  d  0
 / 2
the previous
page:
1  /2 1   /2
f t     f  cos n   n t d  i   f  sin n   n t  d .
 n   / 2  n    / 2

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Relationship between the real and the
1   /2 1  /2
f t     f  cos n   n t  d  i   f  sin n   n t  d
 n     / 2  n    / 2
1   /2
   f  cos n   t   i sin n   n t d
 n     / 2
1   /2
   f   e i n  t  d Then some algebraic
 n     / 2 manipulations lead to

1  /2 2 n 2 n the result.
   i  i t
  f  e  d  e 
n     / 2
 2 n  2 n   2 n
i t i t i  t n 
 C e
n  
n
  C
n  
n e i n e   C
n  
n e   

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Relationship between the real and the
1   /2 1  /2
f t     f  cos n   n t  d  i   f  sin n   n t  d
 n     / 2  n    / 2
1   /2
   f  cos n   t   i sin n   n t d
 n     / 2
1   /2
   f   e i n  t  d Then some algebraic
 n     / 2 manipulations lead to

1  /2 2 n 2 n the result.
   i  i t
  f  e  d  e 
n     / 2
 2 n  2 n   2 n
i t i t i  t n 
 C e
n  
n
  C
n  
n e i n e   C
n  
n e   

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Why are Fourier Coefficients Complex Numbers?
 2 n
i t
f (t )  C n e  where Cn  Cn e i n .
n  
Cn represents the
amplitude, A=|Cn|,
and relative phase, f ,
of that part of the
original signal, f (t), 0
that is a sinusoid of
frequency wn = n / l.

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What about real + imaginary?
 F     NA2 cos    N       N  

 i  NA2 sin     N       N  
The FS of a cosine is a pair of

impulses with complex amplitudes

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The real and imaginary Real + Imaginary to
parts at the positive Magnitude & Phase
frequency, N/l ...
… form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, f0.

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The real and imaginary Real + Imaginary to
parts at the negative Magnitude & Phase
frequency, -N/l ...
… form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, -f0.

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Fourier Series of a Square Wave
Time-domain
signal
Fourier
magnitude
Fourier
phase

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The Fourier Transform
is the decomposition of a nonperiodic
signal into a continuous sum* of sinusoids.

F    F   e i     f t  e i 2  t dt


  f t cos 2  t   i sin 2  t dt

 
f t    F   e  i 2  t d   F   e i 2  t     d
 

  F   cos 2  t   i sin 2  t  d


  F   cos 2  t      i sin 2  t     d


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*
i.e., an integral. 31
2
Mammals Use the FT in Hearing

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The Discrete Fourier Transform DFT
A discrete signal,  hk k  0,1, 2,  , N  1 , of finite length N can be repre -

sented as a weighted sum of N sinusoids, e i 2 k n /N n  0,1, 2,  , N  1 
through
N 1
hk   H n e i 2 k n /N
n 0
where the set, H n n  0,1, 2,  , N  1, are the Fourier coefficien ts

defined as the projection of the original signal onto sinusoid, n, given by :
1 N 1
Hn   hk e i 2 k n /N
N k0
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The Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform
Primary Uses of the FT in Image Processing:


Explains why down-sampling can add distortion to an
image and shows how to avoid it.
 Useful for certain types of noise reduction, deblurring,
and other types of image restoration.

For feature detection and enhancement, especially
edge detection.

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The Fourier Transform: Discussion
The expressions
continuous signals
 defined over all
F     f t  e
 i 2  t
dt  f t , e  i 2  t real numbers

and
N 1
1 discrete signals
Hn 
N
he
n 0
k
 i 2 k n / N
 hk , e  i 2 k n / N
with N terms or
samples.
for the Fourier coefficients are “inner products” which can be

thought of as measures of the similarity between the functions
f t  and e  i 2  t for t   ,   or between the sequences
 hk  N 1
k 0
and e   i 2 k n / N

N 1
.
k 0

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The Fourier Transform:
Discussion (cont’d.)
In the context of inner products, the complex exponentials

e i 2  t
 and   ,   and  e i 2 k n /N
 ,  2, 1, 0,1, 2, 
are called “orthogonal sets” since they have the property:


 , if  1  2
e  i 2  1 t
, e  i 2  2 t
  e  i 2  1 t  e  i 2  2 t dt  The function
0 , if  1  2

sets are called
“orthogonal
e  i 2 j n / N
, e  i 2 k n / N
N 1
  e i 2 j n /N e i 2 k n /N 
n 0
 c , if j  k
0 , if j  k , basis sets”
They are called “basis sets” since for any function1, f (t), of a real variable
there exists a complex-valued function F(w), and for any sequence1, hk , there
exist complex numbers, Hn , such that

f t    
N 1

 i 2  t
F  e d hk   H n e i 2 k n /N .
 n 0
1
with finite energy.

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2
Consider the 2-dimensional functions
e i 2 ( ux  vy )
u, v , x , y    and e  jm
i 2 ( M  knN )

j , m  0,..., M  1, k , n  0,..., N  1
These are, likewise, orthogonal:

 
e  i 2 u1x  v1 y  , e  i 2 u2 x v2 y     e  i 2 u1 x  v1 y 

 e  i 2 u2 x  v2 y 
dxdy
  
   , if u1  u2 and v1  v2
0 , otherwise ,
e
 j m k n
 i 2  1  1 
 M N 
, e
 j m k n
 i 2  2  2 
 M N 
M 1 N 1
  e
 i 2  j1 m k1 n
M

N
 e 
 i 2
j2 m k 2 n
M

N

m 0 n 0
  c , if j1  j2 and k1  k 2
0, otherwise .

202 37
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Therefore
e i 2 ( ux  vy )
u, v, x, y   and e
   i 2
jm kn

M N
 j, k , m, n, M  integers 
are orthogonal basis sets. This suggests that function f (x,y) defined on the
real plane, and sequence {{ hmn }} for integers m and n have analogous
Fourier representations,
   jm kn 
M  1N  1  i 2   
f x, y     F u , v  e  i 2 ( ux  vy )
dudv and hmn    H jk e M N 
   j0 k 0
where the Fourier coefficients are given by

   jm kn 
M 1 N 1  i 2  
F u , v     f x , y  e
 i 2 ( ux  vy ) 
dxdy and H jk    hmn e M N 
   m 0 n 0
(True for finite energy functions f (x,y) and {{ hmn }}.)

202 38
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Continuous Fourier Transform
 
I r, c     I v, u  e
 i 2 ( vr  uc )
dudv
  
 
I v, u     Ir, c e
i 2 ( vr  uc )
dcdr
  
The continuous Fourier

transform assumes a
continuous image exists
in a finite region of an
infinite plane.
The BoingBoing Bloggers

202 39
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2
Discrete Fourier Transform
The discrete Fourier

transform assumes a
digital image exists on a
closed surface, a torus.
 vr uc 
R  1C  1  i 2   
I( r,c )    I v,u e  R C
v 0 u 0
 rv cu 
R 1C 1  i 2   
I v, u     Ir,c e  R C 
r 0 c 0

202 40
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Discrete Fourier Transform
The discrete Fourier

transform assumes a
digital image exists on a
closed surface, a torus.
 vr uc 
R  1C  1  i 2   
I( r,c )    I v,u e  R C
v 0 u 0
 rv cu 
R 1C 1  i 2   
I v, u     Ir,c e  R C 
r 0 c 0

202 41
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The 2D Fourier Transform of a Digital Image
Let I(r,c) be a single-band (intensity) digital image with R

rows and C columns. Then, I(r,c) has Fourier representation
 vr uc 
R 1C 1  i 2   
I r , c     I v,u e R C 
,
u 0 v 0 these complex
exponentials are
where
2D sinusoids.
 vr uc 
R 1 C 1  i 2   
I v,u  RC1   I ( r,c) e R C 
r 0 c 0
are the R x C Fourier coefficients.

202 42
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What are 2D sinusoids?
To simplify the situation assume R = C = N. Then
2 2
 i 2  vr
 uCc  i vr  uc  i r sinθ  c sinθ 
e R
e N
e N
,
where
v   sin θ, u   cos θ,   v 2  u 2 , and θ  tan 1 uv .
Write
Note: since images are indexed
N by row & col with r down and c
λ ,
 to the right, θ, is positive in
the counterclockwise direction.
Then by Euler’s relation,
 cos 2 r sin θ  c cos θ  i sin 2 r sin θ  c cos θ.
 i 2 1 r sin θ  c cos θ 
e
Cont’d. on next page.
202 43
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What are 2D sinusoids? (cont’d.)
Both the real part of this,
Re e   i 2 1 r sin θ  c cos θ 
  cos  2
 r sin θ  c cos θ
and the imaginary part,
Im e  i 2 1 r sinθ  c cos θ 
  sin  2
 r sin θ  c cos θ
are sinusoidal “gratings” of unit amplitude, period  and direction .
2 
Then is the radian frequency, and the frequency, of the wavefront
N N
N
and λ  is the wavelength in pixels in the wavefront direction.


202 44
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A   2  
2D Sinusoids: I r, c   cos
2   
r  sin θ  c  cos θ      1

... are plane waves with

grayscale amplitudes,
periods in terms of lengths, ...
q
orientation
f = phase shift

202 45
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... specific orientations,
2D Sinusoids: and phase shifts.
on
e ntati
ori

202 46
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The Fourier Transform of an Image
c v v
u u
r
I Re[F{I}] Im[F{I}]

202 47
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Points on the Fourier Plane
The point at column

freq. u and row freq. v
represents a sinusoid
with wavelength w and
orientation q (if R=C=N).
w = N/l, where l is the

wavelength and R=C=N.

202 48
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Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image) More about
this later
In the Fourier transform of an R×C digital (pp. 66-86).
-v direction
image the wavelengths, u and  v represent a
fraction of the R and C values. That is,
C R
λu  u
and λ v  v
pixels.
The wavefront direction is given by of a digital image
θ wf  tan 1  ,
vC
uR
and the wavelength is
-θ direction
λ wf      .
C 2 R 2
u direction
u v
The frequencies represent fractions of R & C,

(0,0)
ωu  u
C
, ω v  , and
v
R
ω wf  1   
C 2
u

R 2
v
cycles.

202 49
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Points on the Fourier Plane
y
This point represents this particular sinusoidal grating

202 50
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The Value of a Fourier Coefficient …
… is a complex
number with a
real part and an
imaginary part.
If you represent
that number as a
magnitude, A, and
a phase, f, …
..these represent the amplitude

and offset of the sinusoid with
frequency w and direction q.

202 51
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The Value of a Fourier Coefficient
The magnitude and phase
representation makes
more sense physically…
…since the Fourier magni-

tude, A (w,q), at point (w,q)
represents the amplitude
of the sinusoid…
and the phase, f(w,q),

represents the offset of the
sinusoid relative to origin.

202 52
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The Fourier Coefficient at (u,v)
So, the point (u,v) on the
Fourier plane…
…represents a sinusoidal
grating of frequency 
and orientation .
The complex value, F(u,v),

of the FT at point (u,v)…
…represents the ampli-

tude, A, and the phase
offset, f, of the sinusoid.

202 53
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The Sinusoid from the Fourier Coeff. at (u,v)

202 54
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FT of an Image (Magnitude + Phase)
I log{|F{I}|2+1} Ð[F{I}]

202 55
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2
FT of an Image (Real + Imaginary)
I Re[F{I}] Im[F{I}]

202 56
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The Power Spectrum For display,
the log of
the power
The power spectrum of a signal is the square of spectrum is
the magnitude of its Fourier Transform. often used.
I u, v   I u, v I * u, v 

2
 Re I u, v   i Im I u, v Re I u, v   i Im I u, v 

 Re I u, v   Im I u, v  .
2 2
At each location (u,v) it indicates the squared intensity of the

frequency component with period   1 / u 2  v 2 and orientation
  tan 1 v / u . For display in Matlab:
PS = fftshift(2*log(abs(fft2(I))+1));

202 57
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On the Computation of the Power Spectrum
The power spectrum (PS) is defined by PS I   FIu, v  .
2
We take the base-e logarithm of the PS in order to view it. Otherwise its dynamic range could be
too large to see everything at once. We add 1 to it first so that the minimum value of the result is
0 rather than –infinity, which it would be if there were any zeros in the PS. Recall that
log( f 2) = 2log( f ).
Multiplying by 2 is not necessary if you are generating a PS for viewing, since you'll probably
have to scale it into the range 0-255 anyway. It is much easier to see the structures in a Fourier
plane if the origin is in the center. Therefore we usually perform an fftshift on the PS before it is
displayed.
>> PS = fftshift(log(abs(fft2(I))+1));
>> M = max(PS(:));
>> image(uint8(255*(PS/M)));
If the PS is being calculated for later computational use -- for example the autocorrelation of a
function is the inverse FT of the PS of the function -- it should be calculated by
>> PS = abs(fft2(I)).^2;

202 58
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The Uncertainty Relation
space frequency If  x  y is the extent of
the object in space and
FT
if  u  v is its extent in
frequency then,
1
 x  y  u  v 
space frequency 16 2
FT A small object in space

has a large frequency
extent and vice-versa.

202 59
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The Uncertainty Relation
frequency space
Recall: a symmetric
 large extent 
 small extent 
pair of impulses in the

IFT frequency domain
becomes a sinusoid in
the spatial domain.
 small extent   large extent 
frequency space
A symmetric pair of
 small extent 
 large extent 
lines in the frequency

IFT domain becomes a
sinusoidal line in the
spatial domain.
 small extent   large extent 

202 60
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The Fourier Transform of an Edge
edge Power Spectrum Phase Spectrum

202 61
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The Fourier Transform of a Bar
bar Power Spectrum Phase Spectrum

202 62
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Coordinate Origin of the Center =
FFT (floor(R/2)+1, floor(C/2)+1)
Even Odd Even Odd
Image Origin Image Origin Weight Matrix Origin Weight Matrix Origin
After FFT shift After FFT shift After IFFT shift After IFFT shift

202 63
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Matlab’s fftshift and ifftshift
I = ifftshift(J): J = fftshift(I):
origin origin
from FFT2
after fftshift
or ifftshift
J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1)  I (1,1) I (1,1)  J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1)
where x = floor(x) = the largest integer smaller than x.

202 64
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Matlab’s fftshift and ifftshift
J = fftshift(I):
5 6 4
8 9 7 1 2 3
4 5 6
I (1,1)  J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1) 7 8 9
2 3 1
I = ifftshift(J):
5 6 4
1 2 3 8 9 7
4 5 6
J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1)  I (1,1) 7 8 9
2 3 1
where x = floor(x) = the largest integer smaller than x.

202 65
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Coordinates and Directions in the Fourier Plane
po
sit decreasing rows
pe
iv
lo
es
(-r,-c) es (-r,+c) (-r,-c) lo (-r,+c)
tiv
pe
ga
ne
q<0 q>0
q<0 increasing cols q>0

decreasing cols
(+r,-c) (+r,+c) (+r,-c) (+r,+c)
increasing rows
Since rows increase down and columns to the right, slopes and
angles are opposite those of a right-handed coordinate system.

202 66
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Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image)
In the Fourier transform of an R×C digital
-v direction
image the wavelengths, u and  v represent a
fraction of the R and C values. That is,
C R
λu  u
and λ v  v
pixels.
The wavefront direction is given by of a digital image
θ wf  tan 1  ,
vC
uR
-θ direction
λ wf      .
C 2
u
R 2
v
u direction
The frequencies represent fractions of R & C,
(0,0)
ωu  u
C
, ω v  , and
v
R
ω wf  1   
C 2
u

R 2
v
cycles.

202 67
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Inverse FFTs of Impulses
“horizontal” is the
wavefront direction.
fftshifted
highest-possible-frequency horizontal sinusoid (C is even)

202 68
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“vertical” is the
fftshifted
highest-possible-frequency vertical sinusoid (R is even)

202 69
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a checker-board
pattern.
fftshifted
highest-possible-freq horizontal+vertical sinusoid (R & C even)

202 70
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“horizontal” is the
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency horizontal sinusoid

202 71
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“vertical” is the
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency vertical sinusoid

202 72
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“negative diagonal” is
the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency negative diagonal sinusoid

202 73
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“positive diagonal” is
the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency positive diagonal sinusoid

202 74
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Frequencies and Wavelengths in the Fourier Plane
512 columns
+u direction
384 rows
+v direction
Note this … … and this.
frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths: (λu, λv) = (128,128)

How can that be?
202 75
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512 columns
384 rows
λu = C / u
u = # of complete cycles
in the horizontal direction
frequencies: (u,v) = (1,0); wavelength: λu= 512

202 76
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2
512 columns
v = # of complete
cycles in the λv = R / v
384 rows
vertical direction
frequencies: (u,v) = (0,1); wavelength: λv= 384

202 77
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2
512 columns
384 rows
λu = C / u
frequencies: (u,v) = (2,0); wavelength: λu= 256

202 78
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2
512 columns
v = # of complete
384 rows
vertical direction

202 79
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2
512 columns
384 rows
λu = C / u
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,0); wavelength: λu= 170 ⅔

202 80
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2
512 columns
v = # of complete
384 rows
vertical direction

202 81
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In the Fourier plane of a In the F plane the angle is -45˚
square image, the orientation in this image it’s about -53˚
of the line through the point (yellow line). That’s because
pair = the orientation of the the fraction of R covered by
wave front in the image. Not one pixel is 4/3 the fraction of
so for a non-square image. C covered by one pixel.
512 columns
 
384 rows
 
Also as a result, the

wavelength is 213⅓.
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3); wavelengths: (λu, λv) = (170 ⅔,128)

202 82
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In general the slope of the
wavefront direction in the
image is given by (v/R) / (u/C).
Therefore its angle is
Frequencies and
θ  tan 
vC  Wavelengths in the Fourier Plane
,
1
wf
 uR 
512 columns
lwf
 wf
384 rows
 wf
and the wavelength is:

2 2
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3); wavelengths: (λ  C   R⅔,128)

λ wfu, λv) =(170
  ,
 u  v

202 83
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2
512 columns
384 rows
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3); wavelengths: (λu, λv) = (170 ⅔,128)

202 84
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2
512 columns
384 rows
frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths: (λu, λv) = (128,128)

202 85
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The ratio R/C = ¾ in this image. Therefore at
frequency (4,3) the wave front angle is
1  3  512  1  3  4 
Frequencies and Wavelengths   tan in
1  the Fourier Plane
1
θ wf  tan    tan  45 ,
 4  384   4  3
512 columns
lwf
wf
384 rows
wf

frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths:
512
2 (λ 2, λ ) = (128,128)
384 u v    2
λ wf       2  128  128 2 ,
 4   3 
202 86
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Power Spectrum of an Image

202 87
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2
Relationship between Image and FT
phase power spectrum
power spectrum phase

202 88
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2
Features in the FT and in the
Image
Lines in
the Power
Spectrum
are …
… perpen-
dicular to
lines in the
image.

202 89
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Fourier Magnitude and Phase

202 90
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2
Fourier Magnitude
log FI 

202 91
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2
Fourier Phase
 FI 

202 92
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Q: Which contains more visually relevant
information; magnitude or phase?
original image Fourier log Fourier phase

magnitude
202 93
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Magnitude Only Reconstruction

202 94
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Phase Only Reconstruction

202 95
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The figure below shows four sinusoidal brightness images of spatial frequency 1, 3, 5, and 7. The first one,
of frequency 1, is the fundamental, and the others are higher harmonics on that fundamental, because they
are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. These are in fact the "odd harmonics" on the
fundamental, and each one exhibits a bright vertical band through the center of the image. The Fourier
transform for each of these patterns is shown below.

202 96
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The next table shows the result of progressively adding higher harmonics to the fundamental.
Note how the central vertical band gets sharper and stronger with each additional higher
harmonic, while the background drops down towards a uniform dark field. Note also how the
higher harmonics produce peaks in the Fourier images that spread outward from the fundamental,
defining a periodic pattern in frequency space.

202 97
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The images below show what would happen if this process were continued all the way out to the Nyquist
frequency - it would produce a thin vertical stripe in the brightness image, with sharp boundaries, i.e. a
"square wave" in brightness along the x dimension. The Fourier transform of this image exhibits an "infinite"
series of harmonics or higher order terms, although these do not actually go out to infinity due to the finite
resolution of the original image. This is how the Fourier transform encodes sharp square-wave type features
as the sum of a series of smooth sinusoids.

202 98
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Combine Signals
The combined brightness image shown above could have been produced by a pixel-for-pixel
adding of the two brightness images, or by a pixel-for-pixel addition of the corresponding Fourier
transforms, followed by an inverse transform to go back to the brightness domain. Either way the
result would be exactly identical. (Super Position – Linearity ?!)
202 99
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Fourier Says:
any well-behaved function can be represented by a superposition of sinusoidal waves".
In other words by adding together a sufficient number of sine waves of just the right frequency
and amplitude

202 100
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Butterworth Filter Orders (Ref: Wikipedia)

202 101
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202 102
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EECE/CS 253 Image Processing: Richard Alan Peters II

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EECE\CS 253 Image Processing

Lecture Notes: The 1&2-Dimensional

Richard Alan Peters II

Department of Electrical Engineering and

Fall Semester 2007

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

Space/time representation: a graph of the

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

displacement from rest position internal pressure

string modes pipe modes

Note that Note that

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

The modes shown (blue)

As the number of modes

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

The sinusoids are called

The multipliers are called

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

The sinusoids are called

The multipliers are called Basis

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

The sinusoids are called

The multipliers are called The Fourier

The limit of the

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

2 1 / is the frequency of the sinusoid (Hz).

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

where g * t  is the complex conjugate of g t .

a function, f pointwise product f(t)g(t)

g is a component of f  f t  g t dt  0.12

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

a function, f pointwise product f(t)h(t)

h is a not a comp. of f  f t ht dt  0

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

 f t  cos t   i sin  t dt

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

Relationship between the real and the complex Fourier Series

complex Fourier Series (cont’d.)

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

 F     NA2 cos    N       N  

The FS of a cosine is a pair of

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

… form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, f0.

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

… form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, -f0.

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

where the set, H n n  0,1, 2,  , N  1, are the Fourier coefficien ts

Primary Uses of the FT in Image Processing:

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters

for the Fourier coefficients are “inner products” which can be

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters