Straight Line Graphs

Starter
1. What is the HCF of 84 and 120?
2. Factorise 9m
3. Solve 8x + 2 = 2(x + 7)

4. Expand and simplify (2y + 3)(y + 2)

5. when m = 3, n = -2, y = 5
Starter Straight Line Graphs
1. What is the HCF of 84 and 120? 2. Factorise 9m
84 120 3mn(3n – 4m)

10
3. Solve 8x + 2 = 2(x + 7)
42 12
2
8x + 2 = 2x + 14 6x = 12 x=2
2 5 3 4
2 21
4. Expand and simplify (2y + 3)(y + 2)
2 2
7 2y2 + 4y + 3y + 6 2y2 + 7y + 6
3

84 = 2 2 3 7 5. when m = 3, n = -2, y = 5
120 = 2 2 2 3 5
HCF = 2 2 3 5 (3)(−2)2  + 5 (3)(5) 60  + 75 135
13.5
HCF = 12 10 10 10
 Generate equations of a
Be able to prove line parallel or
that two lines are perpendicular to a Understand that an equation of the
parallel or straight line graph form y = mx + c corresponds to a
perpendicular straight line graph
Understand how the
gradients of Be able to find the gradient and y-
perpendicular lines intercept from a given line, or
are related graph

Understand how the

gradients of parallel
Objectives Be able to find the gradient between
two points
lines are related
Be able to find the equation of a
Be able to complete a given straight line
table of values to plot a
straight line graph Be able to find the midpoint between
two points

Be able to find the Be able to form the Be able to find the coordinate
distance between two equation of a straight light of a point crossing either axis
points when given a point (x,y)
Understand that an equation of the
form y = mx + c corresponds to a
straight line graph
Form of a straight line
𝑦 =𝑚𝑥 +𝑐
y-intercept
Gradient Where the graph crosses the y-axis
‘steepness or slope’
When x = 0, what is y?

Ways to find the gradient of a

line: y-intercept
Be able to find the gradient and
y-intercept from a given line, or
graph
Gradient & y-intercept
Example 1
What is the gradient and y-intercept of the line y = 7x – 3?
Gradient = 7 y-intercept = -3

Example 2
What is the gradient and y-intercept of the line 4y – Rearrange the
16x + 8 = 0 equation so it is in
the form y = mx + c
4y – 16x + 8 = 0
+ 16x Gradient = 4

4y + 8 = 16x y-intercept = -2
-8
4y = 16x - 8
÷4
y = 4x - 2
Try Find the gradient and y-intercept of the following lines:

a) y = 3x + 7 b) y = -4x - 3 c) y = 9 – 3x d) y – 2x = 5

gradient = 3 gradient = - 4 gradient = - 3 y = 2x + 5

y-intercept =7 y-intercept = - 3 y-intercept = 9 gradient = 2

y-intercept = 5

e) 5y = 15x + 20 f) e) 6y + 12x = 24 g) 11y + 5x = -4 h) 6y – 3x + 36 = 0

y = 3x + 4 6y = - 12x + 24 11y = - 5x - 4 6y = 3x - 36
gradient = 3 y = - 2x + 4 y=x-6
y=-x-
y-intercept = 4 gradient = - 2
gradient = gradient =
y-intercept = 4
y-intercept = y-intercept = - 6
Finding the gradient of a line If your line starts low
and ends high, the
Look at the following examples of straight lines and work gradient will be
out their gradients: positive.
y
Ways to find the gradient of a L1
line:

3 x

If your line starts high

L1 L2 2 and ends low, the
y − direction 3 gradient will be
¿− L3 negative.
x − direction 2 3
y
L2 5
y − direction 3 6
1 2
¿− ¿−
x − direction 6 2 x
L3
y − direction 5
¿
x − direction 2
 y = mx + c Example:
Find the equation of
the given line.
y-intercept (where
gradient
the line crosses the y-
(slope)
axis)

Gradient of a line:

y = mx + c
y = mx - 6
y=x-6
y = 2x - 6
 Avoid decimals in
your fractions – just
Write down the equation of each line
double the fraction!
y = mx + c
y = mx + c
y=x+c
y=-x+c
y =x - 2
y=-x+c

y=-x+4
y = mx + c

y=-x+c

y = -x + 5

Line end low? Line end high? Line end high?

Negative gradient Positive gradient Positive gradient
 Be able to find the
gradient between two
points
Finding the gradient between 2 points
If you are given two coordinates: (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)

You can find the gradient of the line between these two points by finding the
difference in the y’s, and dividing this value by the difference of the x’s

Example 1
AB is a line segment where A(4 , 8) and B(10, 12).
Find the gradient of the line segment AB.

(x1 , y1) (x2 , y2) 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 12 − 8 4

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡=
(4 , 8) (10 , 12) 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1 0 − 4 6

2
¿
3
Try Find the gradient between the following coordinates:

a) (4 , 9) and (6 , 12) b) (9 , 9) and (14 , 3) c) (10 , 6) and (6 , 8) d) (1 , 7) and (8 , -8)

12 − 9 3 − 9 8 − 6 − 8 − 7
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
6 − 4 14 − 9 6 − 10 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 8−   1

3 − 6  2
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −  15
5 −4 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
2 7

Extension:
The line segment AB has a gradient of 3, where A(6,a)
and B(8, 12).
Find the value of a.

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 12 − a 12 −  a
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡=
𝑥2− 𝑥1 3 =  3 = 
2
6  =1 2 −  a −6 = − a a  = 6
8 − 6
Be able to find the
midpoint between
two points
Finding the midpoint between 2 points
If you are given two coordinates: (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)

- adding the x-coordinates, then halve them (

you can find the midpoint of the line between these two points by: x 1 +x 2 ,   y 1 +y 2
2 2 )
- adding the y-coordinates, then halve them
Example 1
AB is a line segment where A(6 , 12) and B(4, 10).
Find the midpoint of the line segment AB.

A(6 , 12) and B(4, 10).

(x1 , y1) (x2 , y2)

( 2
,
2 )
x 1+x 2   y 1+y 2
→ ( 6+ 4   12+10
2
,
2
→
2) (
1 0  2 2
,
2
→ )
( 5 , 11 )
 Be able to find the
coordinate of a point
crossing either axis
Finding x and y interception points
To find an x-intercept, the y-coordinate To find a y-intercept, the x-coordinate
at this point is always 0. at this point is always 0.
Example 1
Line A has the equation y = 3x + 2.
a) What are the coordinates of the point where it crosses the y-axis?
b) What are the coordinates of the point where it crosses the x-axis?

a) y-intercept b) x-intercept
x = 0 at this point y = 0 at this point
y = 3x + 2 y = 3x + 2
0 = 3x + 2
y = 3(0) + 2
-2 -2
y=0+2 -2 = 3x
y=2 ÷2 ÷2
2 (, 0)
(0, 2) −  =  x
3
 Be able to form the
equation of a straight
light when given a
point (x,y)
Forming equations when given a point (x,y)
Remember: the standard format of a
E.g. Find the equation of the straight
straight line graph is y = mx + c
line that cuts the y-axis at 4 and goes
E.g. Find the equation of the straight through the point (4, 7)
line that has a gradient of -2 and goes
through the point (-3, -10) y = mx + c y-intercept (c) = 4
y = mx + c y = mx + 4
(4,7) x = 4, y = 7
Gradient (m) = -2
y = - 2x + c Sub into y = mx + 4 to find m
(-3,-10) x = -3, y = -10 7 = m(4) + 4
7 = 4m + 4
Sub into y = -2x + c to find c
-4 -4
-10 = -2(-3) + c 3 = 4m
-10 = 6 + c
m=
-6 -6
-16 = c y= x+4
y = - 2x – 16
Review Understand that an equation of the
form y = mx + c corresponds to a
1. What is the gradient and y-intercept of the straight line 2y + 6x – 8 = 0 straight line graph
2. What is the gradient and y-intercept of the line y = 4 – 7x?
Be able to find the gradient and y-
3. What is the gradient and y-intercept of the line y = 3(2x + 1) intercept from a given line, or
4. Find the equation of the following straight line: graph

Be able to find the gradient between

two points

Be able to find the equation of a

given straight line

Be able to find the midpoint

between two points

Be able to find the coordinate of a

5. The line segment AB exists where A(3, 6) and B(10, - 3 ) point crossing either axis
a) Find the gradient of the line segment AB
Be able to form the equation of a
b) Find the midpoint of the line segment AB straight light when given a point
6. A line has gradient 6 and goes through the point (10, 12). What is the (x,y)
equation of the straight line?
7. The line y = 7x + 3 cuts the x-axis at point P. Find the coordinate of P.
1. What is the gradient and
y-intercept of the straight
2. What is the gradient
and y-intercept of the line
3. What is the gradient and y-
intercept of the line y = 3(2x + 1)
Answers
line 2y + 6x – 8 = 0 Understand that an equation
y = 4 – 7x? y = 6x + 3 of the form y = mx + c
2y = -6x + 8 y = -7x + 4 gradient = 6 corresponds to a straight line
y = -3x + 4 gradient = -7 graph
y-intercept = 3
gradient = -3 y-intercept = 4 Be able to find the gradient
and y-intercept from a given
y-intercept = 4 5. The line segment AB exists where A(3, 6) and B(10, - 3 ) line, or graph
a) Find the gradient of the line segment AB
4. Find the equation of the b) Find the midpoint of the line segment AB Be able to find the gradient
following straight line: between two points
a) b)
(6.5, 1.5) Be able to find the equation of
a given straight line

6. A line has gradient 6 and goes through the point (10, 12). Be able to find the midpoint
What is the equation of the straight line? between two points

y = mx + c Be able to find the coordinate

y = 6x + c 12 = 6(10) + c 12 = 60 + c of a point crossing either axis
y = mx + c
- 48 = c y = 6x - 48
y-intercept = 1 Be able to form the equation of
a straight light when given a
gradient = 7. The line y = 7x + 3 cuts the x-axis at point P. Find the
point (x,y)
coordinate of P.
y= x+1 3 3
0 = 7x + 3 - 3 = 7x − =x  →
( − , 0)
7 7
 Generate equations of a
Be able to prove line parallel or
that two lines are perpendicular to a Understand that an equation of the
parallel or straight line graph form y = mx + c corresponds to a
perpendicular straight line graph
Understand how the
gradients of Be able to find the gradient and y-
perpendicular lines intercept from a given line, or
are related graph

Understand how the

gradients of parallel
Objectives Be able to find the gradient between
two points
lines are related
Be able to find the equation of a
Be able to complete a given straight line
table of values to plot a
straight line graph Be able to find the midpoint between
two points

Be able to find the Be able to form the Be able to find the coordinate
distance between two equation of a straight light of a point crossing either axis
points when given a point (x,y)
Be able to find the
distance between
two points
Finding the distance between two points
To find the distance between two points, E.g.1 Find the distance between points
use your understanding of Pythagoras’ A and B where A( 2, 3) and B( 7, 8) to 2dp
Theorem
A( 2, 3) and B( 7, 8)
√ 2
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒= ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) + ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 )
2 (, ) and (, )

distance =  √ ( 7  − 2 ) + ( 8 − 3 )

2 2

=  √ (5 ) + ( 5 )
8
7
2 2
6
5
4 5 Alternative Method =  √ 25 + 25
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
2 5 =  √5 0
1 a 2   +   b2 = c2 =   7.07(2dp )
0
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 52   +  5 2 = c 2
25 + 25
5 √ 50=  c c = 7.07(2dp)
 Try √
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒= ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) + ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 )
2 2

Find the distance between the following coordinates:

a) (4 , 9) and (6 , 12) b) (9 , 9) and (14 , 3) c) (10 , 6) and (6 , 8) d) (1 , 7) and (8 , 3.5)

√ ( 6  − 4 ) + ( 12 − 9 ) √ ( 14 − 9 ) + (  3 − 9 ) √ ( 6 − 10 ) + (  8 − 6 ) √ ( 8 − 1 ) + (  3.5 − 7 )

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

√ (2) + (3)
2 2
√ ( 5 ) + ( −6 )
2 2
√ ( 4 ) + (2)2 2
√ ( 7 ) + ( − 3.5 )
2 2

√ 4  + 9 √ 25 + 36 √ 16 + 4 √ 49 + 12.25

√ 13 √ 61 2 √5 √ 61.25
3.61cm (2dp) 7.81cm (2dp) 4.47cm (2dp) 7.83cm (2dp)
Be able to complete a
table of values to plot
a straight line graph
x E.g. This means your x-values begin
Draw the graph of y = 3x – 1 for values -2 < x < 2 from -2 and end at 2 in your
table
Draw a table of values

3 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -7 -4 -1 2 5
8
7
6
5

-1 4
3
2 Plot the values
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
y -8
Try Use the table of values below to plot the following graphs:

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y
y = 2x – 3 y=-x+3 y = 0.5x + 3

x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -7 -5 -3 -1 1 y 5 4 3 2 1 y 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
 Understand how the
gradients of parallel
lines are related

Understand how the

gradients of perpendicular
lines are related
What do you know about parallel lines? Parallel Lines

They never meet They have the same steepness

Real-life examples Train

tracks
double yellow piano
lines keys Same gradient

What do you know about perpendicular lines? Perpendicular Lines

They meet at a right-angle. They meet at a right-angle.

Real-life examples

the point where

two city roads floor tiles
intersect Opposite sign, reciprocal

To prove two lines are perpendicular, the product of their

gradients will be -1.
Be able to prove that
two lines are parallel
or perpendicular
Prove that Line A and Line B are Prove that Line A and Line B are
parallel: perpendicular:
Line A: y = 3x + 4 Line A: y = 2x + 4
Line B: 6y – 18x + 12 = 0 Line B: 4y + 2x – 1 = 0
Line B Line B 4y + 2x – 1 = 0
6y – 18x + 12 = 0 +1 +1
- 12 - 12 4y + 2x = 1
6y – 18x = - 12 - 2x - 2x
4y = - 2x + 1
+ 18x + 18x
÷4 ÷4
6y = 18x - 12 y = -½ x + 1
÷6 ÷6 To prove two lines are perpendicular, the
y = 3x - 2 product of their gradients will be -1.

Line A and B are parallel as = -1

they have the same gradient
Line A and Line B are perpendicular as
(m = 3)
the product of their gradients is – 1.
Generate equations of a line
parallel or perpendicular to
a straight line graph
Example:
Line A has the equation y = 2x + 1.
Line B is parallel to line A and goes through the point (3, 2).
What is the equation of line B?
y = mx + c
If A is in the form of a straight line, B must
Parallel lines = same gradient
also be a straight line as they are
y = 2x + c
both parallel!
(3,2) is a point on this line
x = 3, y = 2
To find the y-intercept (c) sub in the given
2 = 2(3) + c
coordinate (x,y)
2=6+c
-6 -6
-4=c Don’t forget to sub c back in to give your answer in the form
So, y = 2x - 4 y = mx + c!
Line A has the equation y = 5x + 2. Line A has the equation y = x + 2
Line B is parallel to line A and goes through the Line B is parallel to line A and goes through
point (-1, -9). What is the equation of line B? the point (4, -1). What is the equation of line B?
y = mx + c x = - 1, y = - 9 y = mx + c x = 4, y = - 1
y = 5x + c - 9 = 5(- 1) + c y=x+c -1=4+c
- 9 = -5 + c -4 -4
+5 +5 -5=c
-4=c So, y = x - 5
So, y = 5x – 4
Line A has the equation y = 0.5x + 2 Line A has the equation y = –2x – 1. Line B is
Line B is parallel to line A and goes through the perpendicular to line A and goes through the
point (4, - 1). What is the equation of line B? point
(-4, - 3). What is the equation of line B?
y = mx + c x = 4, y = -1 y = mx + c x = - 4, y = - 3
-1 = 0.5(4) + c y=½x+c -3 = ½ (- 4) + c
y = 0.5x + c
-1 = 2+ c -3 = -2 + c
-2 -2 +2 +2
- 3= c -1=c
So, y = 0.5x - 3 So, y = ½ x - 1
 Review
1. The line segment AB has coordinates A(4,9) and B(13, 18).
What is the length of the line AB?

2. Complete the table of values and plot the graph of y = -2x – 4 Be able to find the distance between
x -2 -1 0 1 2 two points
y
Be able to complete a table of values
to plot a straight line graph

3. Show that line A and line B are parallel: Understand how the gradients of
Line A: 3y + 6x – 15 = 0 and Line B: y = -2x + 10 parallel lines are related

4. Prove that the following straight lines are perpendicular: Understand how the gradients of
perpendicular lines are related
Line A: y = + 5 and Line B: 3y – 2x + 18 = 0
Be able to prove that two lines are
5. Line A has the equation y = 3x – 5. parallel or perpendicular
Line B is parallel to line A and goes through the point (3, 12).
What is the equation of the line? Generate equations of a line
parallel or perpendicular to a
straight line graph
6. Line A has the equation y = 10x + 4.
Line B is perpendicular to line A and goes through the point (2, 9).
What is the equation of the line?
 Answers
1. The line segment AB has coordinates A(4,9) and B(13, 18).
What is the length of the line AB? = 12.73 (2dp)

2. Complete the table of values and plot the graph of y = -2x – 4

x -2 -1 0 1 2 Be able to find the distance between
two points
y 0 -2 -4 -6 -8
3. Show that line A and line B are parallel: Be able to complete a table of values
Line A: Line A: 3y + 6x – 15 = 0 and Line B: y = -2x + 10 to plot a straight line graph
Line A rearranged: y = -2x + 5
Understand how the gradients of
They are parallel as they have the same gradient parallel lines are related
4. Prove that the following straight lines are perpendicular:
Line A: y = + 5 and Line B: 3y – 2x + 18 = 0 Understand how the gradients of
perpendicular lines are related
Line A rearranged: = -1 They are perpendicular as the
y=x-6 product of their gradients is -1.
x

Be able to prove that two lines are

parallel or perpendicular
5. Line A has the equation y = 3x – 5. Line B is parallel to line A and goes through the
point (3, 12). What is the equation of the line? Generate equations of a line
y = 3x + c 12 = 3(3) + c 12 = 9 + c c=3 y = 3x + 3 parallel or perpendicular to a
straight line graph
6. Line A has the equation y = 10x + 4. Line B is perpendicular to line A and goes
through the point (2, 9). What is the equation of the line?
y=x+c 9 = (2) + c 9 = - 0.2 + c c = 9.2 y = x + 9.2 or y = x +
 Generate equations of a
Be able to prove line parallel or
that two lines are perpendicular to a Understand that an equation of the
parallel or straight line graph form y = mx + c corresponds to a
perpendicular straight line graph
Understand how the
gradients of Be able to find the gradient and y-
perpendicular lines intercept from a given line, or
are related graph

Understand how the

gradients of parallel
Objectives Be able to find the gradient between
two points
lines are related
Be able to find the equation of a
Be able to complete a given straight line
table of values to plot a
straight line graph Be able to find the midpoint between
two points

Be able to find the Be able to form the Be able to find the coordinate
distance between two equation of a straight light of a point crossing either axis
points when given a point (x,y)