School of Aerospace &

Automotive Engineering

Dr.Rajesh Ravi
Automotive Safety and Professor Assistant,
Vehicle Innovations School of Aerospace &Automotive Engg,
Universite Internationale de Rabat-11103.
 Contents
 Introduction - Automotive safety - Road Traffic Accident
 Seat Belt
 Airbag
 Energy absorbing steering column
 Antilock Braking System
 Electronic stability Control
 Blindspot warning
 Adaptive headlights
 Adaptive cruise control
 Lane departure warning
 Predictive emergency Braking
 Expected Vehicle Innovations
AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS
 Road traffic accident (RTA)
A traffic collision, also known as a road traffic accident, occurs
when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal,

road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or

utility pole.
Traffic collisions may result in injury, death, vehicle damage,
and property damage.
A number of factors contribute to the risk of collision, including
vehicle design, speed of operation, road design, road
environment, driver skill and/or impairment, and driver
behaviour.
Worldwide, motor vehicle collisions lead to death and disability

as well as financial costs to both society and the individuals

Head on Collision Roll over Accident

Side Impact Collision into a tree

 Seat belts
A properly worn seat belt provides good protection but does
not always prevent injuries. Three point lap/sash seat belts
offer superior protection to two point seat belts and should
be installed in all seating positions.
Recent improvements to seat belt effectiveness include:
Pretensioners that pull the seat belt tight before the
occupant starts to move
Load limiters that manage the forces applied to the body in a
crash
 Seat belt warning systems to remind you if seat belts have
not been fastened.

Seat Belt Fastening Seat Belt Alert
Seatbelt Interlock
The seatbelt interlock is a
technology that takes the
existing seatbelt reminder
systems one step further and
prevents the driver from starting
up the car, unless seatbelts are
worn.
Height-adjustable Front Seat
Belts
SRS
Stands for Supplemental Restraint
System. This comprises a network
of systems designed to minimize
the chance of injury to all
occupants of the vehicle in the
event of a collision. It features
airbags and seatbelt pretensioners
that deploy immediately upon
impact.
 Airbags
Airbags are designed to supplement
the protection provided by seat belts
- they are not a substitute. The best
protection in frontal crashes is
achieved using a properly worn seat
belt in combination with an airbag.

Drivers’ airbags or frontal airbags

typically deploy from the steering
wheel to protect the driver from
striking other parts of the car in a
frontal crash.

Drivers’ airbags are designed to be

used in conjunction with seatbelts
and do not offer protection in the
event of a side impact crash.
 Airbags inflated
Side cushion or Curtain airbags

Driver knee side airbags

Modern vehicle with airbags

Headrest –to avoid rear impact
Crumple zone frontal

Crumple zone-Rear
Strong occupant compartment
 Energy-absorbing Steering Column
As for the drivers protection when
confronted with a frontal collision.

Most vehicle use a collapsible or

energy absorbing steering column.

During frontal impact, the steering

column compresses.

This reduces movement toward the rear

of the vehicle where it would impact

with the driver.

The column also absorbs any force

generated if the drivers body impacts
on the steering wheel.

This design, along side the drivers

steering wheel air bag provides the
 ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM-(ABS)
Anti-lock braking system(ABS) Motivation for ABS
is an automobile safety system Development
prevent the wheels of a vehicle
locking as brake pedal pressure is
Under hard braking, an
applied - often suddenly in an
emergency or short stopping ideal braking system
distance.
should:
 This enables the driver to have
steering control, preventing Provide the shortest
skidding and loss of traction.
stopping distances on all
surfaces.
Maintain vehicle stability
and steer ability.
Schematic of Typical Antilock Braking
System
 General Information's on ABS
 Statistics show that approximately 40 % of automobile
accidents are due to skidding.

Skidding , vehicle instability, steer inability and long distance

stopping, These problems commonly occur on vehicle with

conventional brake system which can be avoided by adding
devices called ABS.

If there is an ABS failure, the system will revert to normal

brake operation. Normally the ABS warning light will turn on
and let the driver know there is a fault.
 Electronic Stability Control
ESC works by using a number of intelligent sensors that detect any loss of
control and automatically apply the brake to the relevant wheel, putting your
car back on the intended path. ESC is of assistance to the driver in:
 correcting impending over-steering or under-steering
 stabilizing the car during sudden evasive manoeuvres
 enhancing handling on gravel patches, such as road shoulders
 improving traction on slippery or icy roads.
 Fog Lamps

Daytime Running Lights

Reversing Camera
Reverse backup sensors

Parking assist

Side view mirror

Rear view mirror

 Blind spot warning
As one is driving an
automobile, blind spots are
the areas of the road that
cannot be seen while
looking forward or through
either the rear-view or side
mirrors.
Blind spot warning
systems detect the distance
and closing speed of
objects in adjacent lanes
and alert the driver if a
collision is imminent
 Adaptive headlights

Adaptive headlights follow the direction of the vehicle (bending the light
as you go around corners).
 The Adaptive Headlights cast their beam in the direction of the curve and
ensure better visibility and more safety during night drives on winding
roads.
 Sensors measure speed, steering angle and yaw (degree of rotation around
the vertical axis). Based on this information, small electric motors turn the
headlights left or right so the beam falls on the road ahead, guiding you into
the bend.
 Adaptive cruise control

This uses forward-looking sensors like radar and cameras to

monitor the distance to a lead vehicle.
The system will automatically slow the vehicle down in traffic
to maintain a safe following distance without the driver having
to do anything.
As traffic speeds up, the vehicle accelerates to maintain the
preset speed.
A radar or laser sensor setup allowing the vehicle to slow when
approaching another vehicle ahead and accelerate again to the
 Lane Departure Warning
This is a mechanism designed to
warn a driver when the vehicle
begins to move out of its lane(unless
a turn signal is on in that direction)
on freeways and arterial roads.
These systems are designed to
minimize accidents by addressing
the main causes of collisions: driver
error, distractions and drowsiness.
 Lane warning/keeping systems
are based on:
 Video sensors in the visual
domain (mounted behind the
windshield, typically integrated
beside the rear mirror).
 Laser sensors (mounted on the
front of the vehicle).
 Predictive emergency braking system (PEBS)

PEBS is based on the networking of a radar sensor with

Electronic Stability Control (ESC).
It can assist in reducing rear-end crashes through its three-
stage approach, thus offering drivers advanced warning for
improved braking reaction time in critical situations, and
assistance in avoiding crashes or reducing the risk of injury in
crashes that are unavoidable.
 Pedestrian protection
Cars with a more 'pedestrian
friendly' front end should
reduce the severity of injury if
you're unfortunate enough to
hit a pedestrian -- particularly
at speeds of up to 30mph.
Warning- Engine oil Radiator water Air bag Battery not
low temperature high malfunction charging

Door Open Fuel Very Low Speed more than Engine needs
120 Km/hr service
High beam Indicators on Seat belt reminder
activated

Hazard warning Glow plug warning

lights on
III-Eight Vehicle Innovations
Coming Soon
1. Voice commands for your car
High on the list of innovations is
the introduction of Alexa
-like personal assistants.

“You’ll be able to interact with your

car through voice command,” says
Tohumcu. One scenario: You might
be driving and looking for a
parking space. All you’ll have to do
is say “Find parking,” and your
vehicle will navigate you to the
closest, least expensive, safest
garage, based on your programmed
preferences, and then pay the fee
with your credit card.
2. Mechanic on wheels

Cars will be able to diagnose

their own mechanical problems.
“If it’s a software fix that’s
needed, you’ll get an upgrade,”

If you need to take the car to a

mechanic, the car will research
the options and book itself an
appointment. (It will be able to
renew its own insurance and look
for better deals, too.) 
3. More map options
As navigational maps get
overlaid with more data, you’ll
be able to choose your route
based on a broadening array of
criteria, including “least
polluted.” “People will be taken
from point A to point B through
better air-quality routes,”
Tohumcu says. “If you’re an
older person or you have
chronic asthma, this becomes a
real benefit.” Other
possibilities: “safest route” and
4. Shared autonomous vehicles

Self-driving cars are already here

and doing well in safety tests.
The twist he predicts: People will be
able to share these cars.
“Cars today sit unused 80 percent of
the time,” he says. “If the car is self-
driving, we have a wonderful
opportunity for people to co-own it
and pay only for the portion of the
car they use.”
He sees the potential, in particular,
for younger people who may not be
able to afford their own vehicle,
People with disabilities who aren’t
able to drive, and older people who
may need to stop driving.
5. Custom-designed vehicles
Using 3D printing technology,
Arizona-based Local Motors is
3D-printing cars.

“They work with pre-

determined engine types and 3D
print cars on top of those
engines,” Tohumcu says. “

You can pick and choose

features from different cars to
create your own.” That means
we may see all kinds of
interesting-looking cars on the
street, he says.

“These cars won’t be cheap,

but if you really want to stand
out it’s one way to go.”
6. A doctor in your car
Ford is leading the way toward
technology that monitors health from
the driver’s seat.

The company has already developed

an electrocardiography reader that
monitors heart function through sensors
in the seat that don’t need to touch the
skin in order to function.

In the works: technology to monitor

glucose levels of people with diabetes.

People with heart disease and

diabetes already monitor their health at
home; this technology will enable them
to do it from the car.
7. Brain-assisted vehicles
Many crashes could be avoided if the
driver had swerved or braked just a tiny
bit faster.
If Nissan has its way, brain-wave
technology will make that possible.
By detecting whether a driver is about
to perform one of those functions, the
brain-to-vehicle technology could speed
up the process by up to a half second.
The driver will have to wear a headset
full of electrodes, which the company is
trying to make wireless and as
unobtrusive as possible. 
8. Intelligent dashboards
“Augmented reality”
dashboards are already a
reality in BMW vehicles, but
industry experts predict that
70 percent of new cars will
incorporate them by 2020.
A boon for safety, these
features project information
such as speed and turn-by-turn
directions onto the windshield
directly in the user’s field of
vision — so there's no need to
take your eyes off the road.
Where there is righteousness in the heart, 
there is harmony in the house;
when there is harmony in the house, 
there is order in the nation;
when there is order in the nation, 
there is peace in the world.
Dr.A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM

Thank you all