Cell我们毕业啦

Differentiation
其实是答辩的标题地方

Keynote speaker: Guan Haiyan

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 Main content

 Cell differentiation
– Basic conception
– Cell totipotency
– Stem cell
– The facors affecting
cell differentiation

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1. Basic conception of cell differentiation

Cell differentiation:
The process of the
cell from
multicellular
organism be able to
differentiate into a
specific cell type, in
addtion, maitains its
choice through many
subsequent
generations.
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 1.1 Cell differentiation results from gene
differential expression

Total DNA Total RNA

Tuba erythroblast islet cells Tubal erythroblast islet cells
l cell cell
Egg + + + + - -
albumin
gene
β-globin + + + - + -
gene
Insulin + + + - - +
gene

Method Southern hybridization Northern hybridization

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1.2 House keeping gene and tissue specific gene

 House keeping gene

 Expressed in all cells, their gene products are
essential for cell metabolism.
 Replicated during the early S phase.

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1.2 House keeping gene and tissue specific gene

 Tissue specific gene

 Differential expressed in tissues thus keep their
specific morphology, structure and function.
 Replicated during the early S phase in the cell
where the gene is expressed.
 Repliacted during the late S phase in the cell
where the gene is not expressed.
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1.3 Combinatorial gene control creates many
different cell types in Eucaryotes

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1.4 The single gene regulatory protein can trigger
the formation of an entire organ

Mesoderm
myoblast Multi-core tube muscle fiber
progenitor cell

restrain
 activate

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1.5 Cell differentiation also be employed for the
protozoan to adjust the environment

spore
stipe

substrate

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1.6 Transdifferentiation

 Transdifferentiation:
 The transformation of one differentiated type of
cell into another is called transdifferentiation.
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1.6 Transdifferentiation

① Undifferentiated: the process by which differentiated

cells lose their characteristic structure and function
and become undifferentiated cells.
② Redifferentiation: the process of respecialization of
undifferentiated cells. 12
1.7 Regeneration

 Regeneration:
 Broadly defined
regeneration
involves cells,
tissues, organs and
individuals.
Generally refers to
the process of
reconstruction
after missing part
of an organism.
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 Main content

 Cell differentiation
– Basic conception
– Cell totipotency
– Stem cell
– The facors affecting
cell differentiation

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2. Cell totipotency

Cell totipotency:
The cell’s capacity to form an entire organism.

e.g.: Human development begins when a sperm

fertilizes an egg and creates a single totipotent cell. In
the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into
identical totipotent cells. Approximately four days
after fertilization and after several cycles of cell
division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize.

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 nucleus totipotency

 Totipotent nucleus
 The nucleus of the
terminally
differentiated cell
is still totipotency.
 Nuclear transfer
experiment
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 Main content

 Cell differentiation
– Basic conception
– Cell tortipotency
– Stem cell
– The facors affecting
cell differentiation

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3. Stem cell

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http://trizellion.com/?page_id=40
3. Stem cell

Defining properties:
①not terminally differentiated
②divide without limit
③its two daughter cells with the choices to be
remain stem cell or be terminal differentiated

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3.1 Category of stem cell

Totipotent stem cell

Differential potential Pluripotent stem cell
Unipotent stem cell

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3.1 Category of stem cell

Totipotent stem cell:

Differentiate into various types of cells in the three
embryo layers, which can develop into embryonic disc
tissue and produce progeny.
Mammalian totipotent stem cells: fertilized eggs
and cleavage early cells.

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3.1 Category of stem cell

Pluripotent stem cell:

Under certain conditions, a type of stem cell
that can differentiate into various types of cells in the
three embryo layers and form an organ, such as
Embryonic stem cells and Genital crest stem cells.

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3.1 Category of stem cell

Unipotent stem cell:

Can differentiate into one or more types of cells.

nerve cell
eg. neural stem cell oligodendrocytes
astrocyte

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3.1 Category of stem cell

Embryonic Stem (ES) cell

Sources difference
Adult Stem (AS) cell:

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3.2 Embryonic Stem Cell

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3.3 Producing stem cells from embryos
and somatic cell

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3.4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPS)

Induced pluripotent stem cells:

Similar in nature to embryonic stem cells,
with diverse differentiation potential.

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http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/stem-cell-biology/ipsc.html
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3.5 Cell engineering

Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Regenerative medicine
Tissue engineering

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 Main content

 Cell differentiation
– Basic conception
– Cell totipotency
– Stem cell
– The facors affecting
cell differentiation

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4. The factors affecting cell differentiation

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http://bioinformatics.bioen.illinois.edu/img/Epigenomics.png
4.1 Cytoplasm nonhomogeneity from the fertilized
egg for cell differentiation

Drosophila eggs undergo only nuclear division within 2 hours

after fertilization, forming syncytial embryos. The nucleus then
migrates to the edge of the egg, and the fate of cell differentiation
depends on the nucleus migrating into different cytoplasmic
regions. The germ cells eventually differentiate into germ cells
from germplasm.
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4.1 Cytoplasm nonhomogeneity from the fertilized
egg for cell differentiation

It has been proved that there are cytoplasmic

components in the posterior end of drosophila egg
cells that determine the differentiation of germ cells.

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4.2 Extracellular signals for cell differentiation

In the study of early embryonic development, it was

found that some cells can influence the surrounding
cells to differentiate in a certain direction, which is
called the promixate tissue interaction, also known as
embryonic induction.

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4.2 Extracellular signals for cell differentiation

embryonic induction 40
4.3 Cell- cell interaction and position effect

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4.4 Cell memory and determination

 Cell memory
 The positive feedback loop, in which a cell receives
a signal stimulus and activates a transcription
regulator, induces not only its own gene
expression but also that of other tissue-specific
genes.
 Information about chromosomal structural
changes (DNA and protein interactions and 42
4.5 Environment for sex determination

Fig. 1. Temperature-dependent
sex determination in the
American alligator (Alligator
mississippiensis), the red-
eared slider turtle (Trachemys
scripta elegans), and the
alligator snapping turtle
(Macroclemys temminckii).

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4.6 Chromatin change and gene rearrangement

During cell differentiation, intracellular chromatids are

partially lost, such as red blood cells.
Gene rearrangement is a special way of cell
differentiation. In B lymphocytes, their DNA undergoes
fragmentation, loss and rearrangement to express
extremely rich antibodies using limited gene resources.

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4.6 chromatin change and gene rearrangement

http://arthritis-research.com/content/figures/ar2594-3-l.jpg 45
THANK YOU

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