CALCULATIONS OF

MOMENT OF INERTIA
NAME:SYED.M.ABBAS ZAIDI.
ENROLLMENT NO:01-133102-090
Submitted to:Sir IMTIAZ ALI KHAN
REFERNCE BOOKS

1)Physics for engineering and science

(page no131-134).
by DR MICHEAL BROWN.
2)University physics (11th edition)
page 347-350.
By YOUNG AND FREDNAN.
REFERENCE BOOKS.

3)Physics(4th Edition)
(page no 262-265)
By Paul A Tripler.
4)Physics for scientist and engineers.
(page no 301-305)
By Serway Beiunner.
5)Advanced physics(2nd edition).
By Weith Gibbs.
REFERENCE BOOKS.

6)Fundamentals of physics .
By Halliday and Resnick.
COMMON POINTS :

 REFERENCE BOOKS.
1)University pysics.
2)Physics (4th edition).
3)Physics for scientist and engineers.
4)Fundamentals of physics.
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
 Consider a point P on a rotating object that is a distance r away from the
axis of rotation. As the object turns through an angle  the point covers a
distance given by s = r
 In the above expression the angle  must be in radians
 If this expression is differentiated with
respect to time then the left hand side will
become the linear speed of particle
 This speed corresponds to the velocity of
the point P which is tangential to the
circular arc traced out by the point. When
differentiating the right hand side, we
notice that r is constant and the rate of
change of angular position is the angular
velocity. This gives:
ds d v  r Relation between linear
r and angular speed
dt dt
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
 Differentiating once again gives a relationship between the tangential
acceleration of the point, atan, and the angular acceleration of the
rotation object:
dv d Tangential acceleration
atan  r  r of a point on a rotating
dt dt body

 Finally, recall that any object that is

undergoing circular motion
experiences an inwardly directed
radial acceleration given by the
speed squared divided by the radius.
If we replace v=r we have:
v2
arad    2r
r
Centripetal acceleration of
a point on a rotating body
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
s  r v  r
dv d
atan  r  r
dt dt
 These equations apply to any particle
that has the same tangential velocity as
a point in a rotating rigid body
o Rope wound around a circular cylinder
unwraps without stretching or slipping, its
speed and acceleration at any instant are
equal to the speed and tangential acceleration
of the point at which it is tangent to the
cylinder
o Bicycle chains and sprockets, belts, pulleys, …
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
 The rotational inertia of an object is a measure of the resistance of
the object to changes in its rotational motion
 For a system of particles of masses mi at distances ri from an axis
passing through a point P the rotational inertia of the system about
the axis is given by:

I  m1r12  m2 r22  ...   mi ri 2 Definition of

i moment of inertia

 SI unit of moment of inertia is the kgm2

 For a solid object the rotational inertia is found by evaluating an integral
as we will see later
 In a rigid body the distances ri are constant, and I is independent of
how the body is rotating around a given axis. The rotational inertia of
some common shapes about some of their symmetry axes is given in
Table 9.2 of your textbook
Rotational Inertia (Moment of Inertia)
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
 The rotational kinetic energy of a solid object rotating about an axis for
which its rotational inertia is I with angular velocity  is expressed as

1 2
K  I Rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body
2

 Notice the similarity between this formula and the formula for the kinetic
energy of a point mass m moving with speed v
 This kinetic energy is the sum of kinetic energies of the individual
particles that make up the rigid body
  is in rad/s (NOT in rev or degrees per second ! K will be in Joules)
 The greater is the moment of inertia, the greater the kinetic energy of a
rigid body rotating with a given angular speed
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA

1 2
K  I
2

 Greater a body’s moment of inertia, the harder it is to start the

body rotating if it’s at rest and the harder it is to stop its rotation if
it’s already rotating
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA
Moments of inertia for different rotation axes
 One-piece machine part consists of three heavy connectors linked by light
molded struts.
A. What is the moment of inertia of this body about an axis through point A,  to
the plane of the slide?
B. What is the moment of inertia of this body about an axis coinciding the rod
BC?
C. If the body rotates about an axis through A  to the plane of the slide with
angular speed 4.0 rad/s, what is its kinetic energy?
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
OF INERTIA. Problems
Problem-Solving Strategy
 IDENTIFY the relevant concepts: You can use work–energy
relations and conservation of energy to find relations involving position and
motion of a rigid body rotating around a fixed axis. As we saw before, the
energy method is usually not helpful for problems that involve elapsed time.
Later we will see how to approach rotational problems of this kind.
 SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. First decide what the initial and final states (the positions and velocities) of
the system are. Use the subscript 1 for the initial state and the subscript 2
for the final state. It helps to draw sketches showing the initial and final
states.
2. Define your coordinate system, particularly the level at which y=0. You will
use it to compute gravitational potential energies. Equations assume that
the positive direction for y is upward; use this choice consistently.
3. Identify all non-gravitational forces that do work. A free-body diagram is
always helpful. If some of the quantities you need are unknown, represent
them by algebraic symbols.
Rotational Energy. Problems

Problem-Solving Strategy
 EXECUTE the solution:
 Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic and potential energies (K1,
K2, U1 and U2) and the non-conservative work Wother (if any).
 The new feature is rotational kinetic energy, which is expressed in terms of
the body’s moment of inertia I for the given axis and its angular speed 
instead of its mass m and speed v.
 Substitute these expressions into K1+ U1+Wother =K2+U2 (if nonconservative
work is done) or K1+ U1=K2+U2 (if only conservative work is done) and solve
for the target variable(s).
 It’s helpful to draw bar graphs showing the initial and final values of K, U,
and E=K+U.

 EVALUATE your answer:

 As always, check whether your answer makes physical sense.
COMMON FEATURES.
 Inertia Calculations

 For a continuous distribution of mass the sum of the masses times the
square of the distances to the axis of rotation which defines the moment
of inertia become an integral.
 If the object is divided into small mass elements dm in such a manner
that all of the points in a particular mass element are the same
perpendicular distance r from the axis of rotation then the moment of
inertia is given by
. I   r dm 2

 To evaluate the integral, you need to represent r and dm in terms of the

same integration variable. 1-D object, slender rod: use coordinate x
along the length and relate dm to an increment dx. 3-D object: express
dm in terms of element of volume dV and density .
dm     
2
 , I   r  (V )dV
2 const I r dV
dV
dV  dx dy dz  Limits of integral are determined by the shape and
dimensions of the body
Inertia Calculations

Uniform thin rod, axis  to length

 Slender uniform rod with mass M and
length L.
 Compute its moment of inertia about an
axis through O, at an arbitrary distance h
from the end.
 Choose as an element of mass a short section of rod with length dx at a
distance x from O. The ratio of the mass dm of this element to the total
mass M is equal to the ratio of its length dx to the total length L:
Lh
dm dx M
Lh
M  x 
3
1
  x dm  L h x dx   L
2 2
   M ( L2  3Lh  3h 2 )
M L   3   h 3
M  Evaluate this general expression about an axis through the left
dm  dx end; the right end; through the center. Compare with Table 9.2.
L
Inertia Calculations

 Hollow or solid cylinder, rotating about

axis of symmetry
 Hollow, uniform cylinder with length L, inner radius
R1, outer radius R2. Compute its moment of inertia
about the axis of symmetry.
 Choose as a volume element a thin cylindrical shell of
radius r, thickness dr, and length L. All parts of this
element are at very nearly the same distance from
the axis. The volume of this element:

dm  dV   (2rLdr )
R2 R2
2L 4
        dr  ( R2  R14 ) 
2 2 3
r dm r ( 2 rLdr ) 2 L r
R1 R1
4
L 2 1
 ( R2  R12 )( R22  R12 ) V  L( R2  R1 ) I  M ( R22  R12 )
2 2

2 2
Inertia Calculations

 Hollow or solid cylinder, rotating about axis

of symmetry

1
I M ( R22  R12 )
2

1
 If cylinder is solid, R1=0, R2=R: I  MR 2
2
 If cylinder has a very thin wall, R1 and R2 are very
nearly equal:
I  MR 2

 Note: moment of inertia of a cylinder about an axis of

symmetry depends on its mass and radii, but not on
its length!
Parallel Axis Theorem
Different Features:
 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES:

 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS:
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

 To find the rotational inertia of an object about an axis that is

different from one listed in Table 9.2 in your textbook you may be
able to use the parallel axis theorem.
 This theorem gives the rotational inertia of an object of mass M
about an axis, P, that is parallel to and a distance d away from an
axis that passes through the object's center of mass.

I p  I cm  Md 2 Parallel-Axis Theorem
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

 Consider two axes, both parallel to z-axis, one through the center of
mass and the other through a point P.
 Mass element mi has coordinates (xi, yi) with respect to an axis of
rotation through the center of mass and  to the plane of the slide. The
mass element has coordinates (xi-a, yi-b) with respect to the parallel
axis through point P.
 Let’s take origin at the CM of the body:
 xcm= ycm= zcm=0
 The axis through the CM passes through this
thin slice at point O, and parallel axis passes
through point P with coordinates (a, b). Then
the distance of this axis from axis through CM
is d: d2=a2+b2
 Moment of inertia Icm about axis through O:

I cm   mi ( xi2  yi2 )
i
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

 Moment of inertia Icm about axis through P:

I P   mi [( xi  a) 2  ( yi  b) 2 )]
i
 These expressions don’t involve the coordinates zi measured  to the
slices. Let’s extend the sums to include all particles in all slices. Ip then
becomes the moment of inertia of the entire body for an axis through P:

I P   mi ( xi2  yi2 )  2a  mi xi  2b mi yi  (a 2  b 2 ) m i

i i i i

I cm xcm  0 ycm  0 d2 M

I P  I cm  Md 2
 Parallel-Axis Theorem. Example

 A part of a mechanical linkage has a mass of 3.6 kg. We measure its

moment of inertia about an axis 0.15 m from its center of mass to be
Ip=0.132 kg·m2.
 What is the moment of inertia Icm about a parallel axis through the
center of mass?

I cm  I p  Md 2 
 0.132 kg  m 2  (3.6kg )(0.15m) 2  0.051kg  m 2

 Result show that Icm is less than Ip. This is as it should be: the moment
of inertia for an axis through the center of mass is lower than for any
other parallel axis.
UNIQUE FEATURES:

 UNIVERSITY PHYSICS BY YOUNG

AND FREEDNAN.
Inertia Calculations

 Uniform sphere, axis through center

 Uniform sphere with radius R. the axis is through
its center. Find the moment of inertia about the
axis is through the center of this sphere.
 Divide sphere into thin disks of thickness dx,
whose moment of inertia we already know. The
radius r of the disk is
r  R2  x2
 The volume is dV  r 2 dx   ( R 2  x 2 )dx
 The mass is dm  dV  r 2 dx   ( R 2  x 2 )dx
 The moment of inertia for the disk of radius r and mass dm is

1 2
dI  r dm 
2
1
2
 R x
2 2
 2
[ ( R  x )dx] 
2 2  2 2 2
2
( R  x ) dx
Inertia Calculations

 Uniform sphere, axis through center

 Integrating from x=0 to x=R gives the moment

of inertia of the right hemisphere.
 From symmetry, the total I for the entire sphere
is just twice this:
 R 2 2 2
I  ( 2) 
2 0
( R  x ) dx
4 R 3
Volume of the sphere V
8 5 3
I R
15 4 3
The mass M of the sphere M  V  R
3
 Note: moment of inertia of a solid sphere is less than the
2
I  MR 2 moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of the same mass and
5 radius! (Reason is that more of the sphere’s mass is located
close to the axis)