Descriptive Statistics

Mar Joseph S. Marañon

 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 MONDAY
 Introduction for Descriptive Statistics
 Level of Measurements
 Frequencies
 Percentage
 Range
 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

TUESDAY

 Measures of Central Tendency Grouped and Ungrouped

 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 WEDNESDAY

 Variance
 Standard Deviation
 Margin of Error
 Standard of Error
 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 THURSDAY

 Outliers
 Skewness
 Kurtosis
 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 FRIDAY

 Start of Inferential Statistics

 Z-test
 T-test for One Sample
 T-test for Independent Sample
 Paired Sample T-test
 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 SATURDAY

 One- Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

 Post Hoc Analysis
 Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
 TIMEFRAME OF DISCUSSION

 SUNDAY

 Pearson’s R Correlation
 Levene’s Test of Equality of Variance
 Outline
• Learning Objectives
• Definition of Statistics
• Branches of Statistics
• Important Terms in Statistics
• Data and Variables
• Types of Data
• Types of Variables
What comes into your mind when you hear
the word STATISTICS?
Statistics Statistics
Science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing
and interpreting data.

Collect Organize Present Analyze Interpret

STATISTICS
-collection and interpretation of data
TWO TYPES OF STATISTICAL
METHODS:
 DESCRIPTIVE
 INFERENTIAL
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Used to describe the basic features of the
data in the study
FOUR TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS:
 MEASURES OF FREQUENCY (Count, percent, frequency)

 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (Mean, Median and Mode)

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION OR (Range, Variance and Standard
Deviation)
VARIATION
 MEASURES OF POSITION (Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks)
 Definition of Statistics

• Collection of descriptive measures calculated from sample data

according to certain specified procedures.

• Science which deals with the collection, organization,

presentation, analysis, and interpretation of quantitative data.
 Branches of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Utilizes numerical and graphical method that is used to reveal patterns in the data
set, to summarize the information shown in the data set, and to present the
information in the convenient way.

• Methods concerned with collecting and describing a set of data to yield

meaningful information.

• Inferential Statistics (Inductive Statistics)

• Uses methods generalizing results from a sample to the population and measuring
their reliability.

• Methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or

inferences about the entire data set.
 Branches of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics

• Constructions of tables and graphs

• Computations of measures such as averages and percentages

• Inferential Statistics (Inductive Statistics)

• Formulation of conclusions or generalizations

 Important Terms in Statistics
• Population VS Sample VS Unit
• Population – set of all entities under study
• Sample – subset of population
• Unit – individual object or person in the population

• Parameters VS Statistic
• Parameters – all descriptive measures or characteristics of
population.
– numerical descriptions of the population characteristic.
• Statistic – characteristics of sample.
- numerical descriptions of sample population.
 Important Terms in Statistics

• Census VS Survey

• Census – process of gathering information from each element of the population.

• Survey – process of getting information from every element in the sample.

 Data, Variables, and Constants
•Data
– consist of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses.
– values that variables can assume.

•Variables DEFINE!
– observable characteristics of a person or object of which is capable of taking several
values or being expressed in several different categories.

•Constants
– quantities which do NOT vary or are fixed.
 Types of Data

• Qualitative Data VS Quantitative Data

• Qualitative Data – separated into different categories that are distinguished by some
nonnumeric characteristics. These data differ by KIND.

• Quantitative Data – consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. These

data differ by HOW MUCH.
Types of Quantitative Data

• Discrete/Discontinuous Data VS Continuous Data

• Discrete Data – finite or countable data.

• Continuous Data - many possible infinite values.

 Types of Variable
• Qualitative VS Quantitative

• Qualitative Variable
- Date of birth, code number, zip code, and telephone numbers.
- Sex, color, year level of students, religion, occupation, and level of performance.

• Quantitative Variable
- Age, monthly income, size of the family, hourly output of a machine, and length of
service.
 Types of Variable

• Discontinuous VS Continuous

• Discontinuous Variable
- values are obtained through counting
- number of children in the family, frequency of an event.

• Continuous Variable
-values are obtained through measuring
-can assume any value within a specified interval/range
-often include fractions and decimals
-time, weight, and temperature.
 Types of Variable
• Independent VS Dependent VS Nuisance

• Independent Variable
- used to describe or explain the differences in the dependent variables
- used to cause changes in the dependent variable

• Dependent Variable (Response Variable)

- an outcome of interest that is observed and measured by a researcher in order to assess the effects of the independ
variable

• Nuisance Variable (Extraneous Variable)

- may interfere with the assessment of the affects of the independent variable to the dependent variable.
- unplanned distractions in experimental setting
 Types of Independent Variable

• Subject Variables
• based on a measurable characteristic of subject that the experimenter does NOT directly change.
• a condition of the subject that exists before the research begins.
• memory strategy, sex, personality, etc.

• Manipulated or Experimental Variables

• variable that the experimenter systematically manipulates or controls and to which the subjects are
assigned.