CHAPTER 1:

Fundamentals Of Database
Management System

Part 1
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DFC20203
 Learning
Outcomes
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 What is Data ??
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 1.1.1 Define Database
What is database ?
Database is a centralized and structured
set / collection of data stored on a computer
system.
Database is used to store, manipulate and
retrieve data in every type of organization like
Business, Healthcare, Education, Government
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and Libraries. 
 1.1.2 Describe the uses of
database in the business
world.
● A database is a tool used by business to manage the
huge amount of data required to run business.
● Among the uses of database in business world are:

i) Maintain internal records Business may use several

ii) Present data to customers and clients. database to keep track of
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employee information,
iii) Support many other commercial customers, products and price of
processes products.
 EDUCATION BANKING FLIGHTS MEDICINE BUY AND
SELL

1.1.3 Relate the importance of databases to

everyday life.
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 Requirement analysis
1.1.4 Database design
Explain The Three
Major Steps In The Implementation
Database
Development Process.
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 Describe the sharing concept of data
1.1.5
in database.
Current database systems are designed for multiple users.
That is, they allow many users to access the same database at
the same time.  it allows for data sharing among employees
and others who have access to the system. 
This access is achieved through features
called concurrency control strategies. These
strategies ensure that the data accessed are always
correct and that data integrity is maintained. 

The design of modern multiuser database systems is

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a great improvement from those in the past which

restricted usage to one person at a time.
 Properties of database 1.1.6
1 Completeness
Ensures that users can 2 Integrity
access the data they
want. Ensures that data is both
consistent (no contradictory
data) and correct (no invalid
data), and ensures that users
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trust the database.

 Properties of database 1.1.6
3 Flexibility
Ensures that a database 4 Efficiency
can evolve to satisfy
changing user Ensures that users do not
requirements. have unduly long response
times when accessing
data.
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 Properties of database 1.1.6

5 Usability
Ensures that data can be
accessed and
manipulated in ways
which match user
requirements.
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 1.2.1
Define Database
Management
What is DBMS
?
DBMS is a collection of programs
System (DBMS)
that enables users to create and
maintain databases and control all
access to them.
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 1.2.1
Define Database
Management
What is DBMS
?
● The primary goal of a DBMS is to
System (DBMS) provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient for users to
retrieve and store information.
In a simple word,
DBMS is a
software that is
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used to manage
the
database.
 1.2.1
Define Database
Management
System (DBMS)
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 COMPONENTS OF DBMS
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTIONS
HARDWARE  DBMS and the application require hardware to run
 Can range from a single personal computer, single mainframe, to a network of
computers.
SOFTWARE  Comprises of DBMS software itself and the application programs, together
with the operating system.
 Typically application program are written in a third-generation programming
language (3GL) such as C, C++, Visual Basic, COBOL and etc and fourth-
generation language (4GL) such as SQL.
DATA  Data act as bridge between the machine components and the human
components
PROCEDURE  Refer to instructions and rules that govern the design and use of database.
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 The users of the system and the staff that manage the database require
documented procedures on how to use or run the system.

PEOPLE  People involved in database as a : End User, Database Designer, Application

Developer.
 1.2.2 Describe the purpose of DB
system
DBMS were developed to handle all the drawbacks of
typical file-processing systems supported by conventional
operating systems.

Some of the purpose that attain by DBMS are Data

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Redundancy and Inconsistency, Difficulty In Accessing

Data, Data Isolation, Integrity Problems, Atomicity Of
 1.2.3 Identify Various Common
DBMS
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 Common Features
of DBMS
The database is described to the DBMS using a Data Definition
Language (DDL). The DDL allows the user to create data structures in
the data model used by the database.
Nonprocedural Access: User accesses the data using a Data
Manipulation Language (DML). The standard DML is SQL.

Application Development: Graphical tools for developing forms

and reports using non-procedural access.
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Procedural language interface: A language that combines

nonprocedural access with procedural programming.
 Common Features
of DBMS
Transaction Processing: Perform scheduling of operations and
implements concurrency control algorithms.

Database Tuning: Tools to monitor and improve database

performance.
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 Discuss the
traditional
approach to
information 1.2.4
processing.
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 Discuss The Traditional Approach
To Information Processing.

In traditional approach, information is stored in flat files which

are maintained by the file system under the operating system’s
control.
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Application programs go through the file system in order

to access these flat files
 Discuss the disadv
of traditional
approach to
information
processing in term
1.2.5
of...
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 Discuss the disadv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
a. Data security
b. Data redundancy
c. Data isolation
d. Program/ data dependence
e. Lack of flexibility
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f. Concurrent access anomalies

 Discuss the disadv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
a. Data security EXAMPLE :
 The data as
Consider the Banking System. The
maintained in the flat
Customer transaction file has details
file(s) is easily about the total available balance of
accessible and all customers. A Customer wants
therefore not secure. information about his account
balance. In a file system it is difficult
to give the Customer access to only
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his data. Thus enforcing security

constraints for the entire file or for
certain data items are difficult.
 Discuss the adv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
b. Data redundancy EXAMPLE :
 In this storage model, Suppose the same
the same information data is repeated in
may get duplicated in two or more files. If
two or more files. a change is made
 This may lead to higher to data stored in
storage and access cost. one file, other files
 It also may lead to data also needs to be
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change
inconsistency.
accordingly.
 Discuss the adv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
c. Data isolation
 Data isolation means that all the
related data is not available in one
file.
 Generally, the data is scattered in
various files and the files may be in
different formats, therefore writing
new application programs to
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retrieve the appropriate data is

difficult
 Discuss the adv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
d. Program / data
 Under the dependence
traditional file approach, application programs are dependent
on the master and transaction file(s) and vice-versa. Changes in the
physical format of the master file(s), such as addition of a data field
requires that the change must be made in all the application programs
that access the master file.
 Consequently, for each of the application programs that a programmer
writes or maintains, the programmer must be concerned with data
management.
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 There is no centralized execution of the data management functions.

Data management is scattered among all the application programs.
 Discuss the adv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
e. Lack of flexibility
 The traditional systems are able to retrieve information for
predetermined requests for data. If the management needs
unanticipated data, the information can perhaps be provided
if it is in the files of the system.
 Extensive programming is however required which may
result in delay in making the information available. Thus by
the time the information is made available, it may no longer
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be required or useful.
 Discuss the adv of traditional
approach to information processing in term
of...
e. Concurrent access EXAMPLE :
 Consider the bank system. Assume the
anomalies bank manager is analysing all the
 Many traditional systems allow transactions made by the customers.
multiple users to access and At the same time, a customer accesses
update the same piece of data his account to make a withdrawal.
simultaneously. But the The account is both read by the bank
interaction of concurrent manager and updated by the customer
at the same time. This is called
updates may result in
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concurrent access. Because the

inconsistent data. customer’s account is being updated
at the same time, there is a possibility
 Importance of
having DBMS 1.2.6
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 Importance of having
DBMS
● Effective data sharing : helps organize data for effective access by a
variety of users with different access needs and for efficient storage. It
makes it possible to create, access, maintain, and control databases.
● Better flexibility : Through a DBMS, data can be integrated and
presented on demand.
● Enables backup and recovery : data can be stored for long term analysis
(data warehousing).
● Reduction in data redundancy : proper database design can reduce or
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eliminate data redundancy and confusion.

 Describe the TWO
(2) generic DB
architecture :
Centralized 1.2.7
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 Centralized DB system
 A centralized database is basically a type of database that
is stored, located as well as maintained at a single location
only. This type of database is modified and managed from
that location itself.

 This location is thus mainly any database system or a

centralized computer system. The centralized location is
accessed via an internet connection (LAN, WAN, etc).
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This centralized database is mainly used by institutions or

organizations. 
 Centralized DB system
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 Centralized DB system
ADVANTAGES
Since all data is stored at a single
location only thus it is easier to
access and coordinate data
The centralized database has very
minimal data redundancy since all
data is stored in a single place.
DISADVANTAGES
The data traffic in the case of
centralized database is more.
If any kind of system failure occurs
at the centralized system then the
entire data will be destroyed.

It is cheaper in comparison to all

other databases available.
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 Describe the TWO
(2) generic DB
architecture :
Distributed 1.2.7
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 Distributed DB system

Distributed database system

 A distributed database is basically a type of database which
consists of multiple databases that are connected with each other
and are spread across different physical locations. The data that is
stored on various physical locations can thus be managed
independently of other physical locations. The communication
between databases at different physical locations is thus done by a
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computer network. 
 Distributed DB system
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 Distributed DB system
Advantages Disadvantages
This database can be easily expanded as This database is very costly and it is
data is already spread across different difficult to maintain because of its
physical locations. complexity.
The distributed database can easily be In this database, it is difficult to provide a
accessed from different networks uniform view to user since it is spread
across different physical locations.
This database is more secure in
comparison to centralized database
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