Chuyên đề - Wireless and Mobile Networks

Wireless and
Mobile Networks
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

7-1
Overview
1. Wireless Link Characteristics

2. Wireless LANs and PANs
3. Cellular Networks
4. Recent Developments in Wireless PHY

7-2
Overview
Wireless Link
Characteristics
□ Mobile vs. Wireless

□ Wireless Networking Challenges
□ Peer-to-Peer or Base Stations?

7-3
Mobile vs Wireless
Mobile Wireless
□ Mobile vs Stationary
□ Wireless vs Wired
□ Wireless  media sharing issues
□ Mobile  routing, addressing issues

7-4
Wireless Networking Challenges
1. Propagation Issues: Shadows, Multipath
2. Interference  High loss rate, Variable Channel
 Retransmissions and Cross-layer optimizations
3. Transmitters and receivers moving at high speed
 Doppler Shift
4. Low power transmission  Limited reach
100mW in WiFi base station vs. 100 kW TV tower
5. License-Exempt spectrum  Media Access Control
6. Limited spectrum  Limited data
rate Original WiFi (1997) was 2
Mbps. New standards allow up to 200
Mbps
7. No physical boundary  Security
8. Mobility  Seamless
Washington University in St. Louis
handover
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain
7-5
Peer-to-Peer or Base Stations?
□ Ad-hoc (Autonomous) Group:
□ Two stations can communicate
□ All stations have the same logic
□ No infrastructure, Suitable for small area
□ Infrastructure Based: Access points (base units)

□ Stations can be simpler than bases.
□ Base provide connection for off-network traffic
□ Base provides location tracking, directory,

authentication  Scalable to large networks
□ IEEE 802.11 provides both.

7-6
Characteristics of Selected
Wireless Link Standards
200 802.11n
54 802.11a,g 802.11a,g point-to-point data

Data rate (Mbps)
5-11 802.11b 802.16 (WiMAX)
4 UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular

enhanced
1 802.15
.384 UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G
.056 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G
Indoor Outdoor Mid-range Long-range

10-30m 50-200m outdoor outdoor
200m – 4 5Km – 20 Km
Km
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/
Washington University in St. Louis ©2016 Raj Jain
7-7
Wireless Network Taxonomy
Single hop Multiple hops
Host connects to Host may have to
Infrastructure base station (WiFi, relay through several
WiMAX, cellular) wireless nodes to
(Access connect to larger
which connects to
Points, larger Internet Internet: Mesh net
Towers)
No Relay to reach other a given

No base station wireless node. Mobile Ad-
Infrastructure (Bluetooth, hoc Network (MANET),
ad hoc nets) Vehicular Ad-hoc Network
(VANET)

Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-8
7-8
Hidden Node Problem
B A B C
A
□ B and A can hear each other

B and C can hear each other
A and C cannot hear each
other
 C is hidden for A and
vice versa
□ C may start transmitting while A is also transmitting
A and
Washington Cincan't
University St. Louis detect collision.
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain
□ Only the receiver can help avoid 7-9 collisions
Review: Wireless
Link Characteristics
1. Wireless is not the same as mobile.
However, most mobile nodes are wireless.
2. Wireless signal is affected by shadows, multipath,
interference, Doppler shift
3. A wireless network can be ad-hoc or infrastructure
based.
4. Multi-hop ad-hoc networks are called MANET
5. It is not possible to do collision detection in
wireless
Ref: Section 7.2, Review Exercises R3-R4

7-10
Overview Wireless LANs and PANs
□ IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN PHYs

□ IEEE 802.15.4
□ IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
□ ZigBee Overview

7-11
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN PHYs
□ 802.11: 2.4 GHz, 1-2 Mbps
□ 802.11b: 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps nominal
□ Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer
□ All hosts use the same chipping code
□ 802.11a: 5.8 GHz band, 54 Mbps nominal
□ 802.11g: 2.4 GHz band, 54 Mbps nominal
□ 802.11n: 2.4 or 5.8 GHz, Multiple antennae, up to 200 Mbps
□ These are different PHY layers. All have the same MAC layer.
□ All have base-station and ad-hoc network versions
□ Supports multiple priorities
□ Supports time-critical and data traffic
□ Power management allows a node to doze off

7-12
802.11: Passive/Active Scanning
BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2
AP 1 AP 2 AP 1 1 AP 2
1 1 2 2
2 3
3 4
H1 H1
Passive Scanning: Active Scanning:

(1) Beacon frames sent from APs (1) Probe Request frame broadcast
(2) Association Request frame sent: H1 to from H1
selected AP (2) Probes response frame sent
(3) Association Response frame sent: from APs
selected AP to H1 (3) Association Request frame sent: H1
to selected AP
(4) Association Response frame sent:
selected AP to H1
7-13
IEEE 802.11 Architecture
Server
Access Access Ad-hoc

Point Point Station
Station
Ad-hoc
Station Station Station
Station
Basic Service Set 2nd BSS Ad-hoc
network
7-14
Architecture (Cont.)
□ Basic Service Area (BSA) = Cell
□ Each BSA may have several wireless LANs
□ Extended Service Area (ESA) = Multiple BSAs
interconnected via Access Points (AP)
□ Basic Service Set (BSS)
= Set of stations associated with an AP
□ Extended Service Set (ESS)
= Set of stations in an ESA
□ Ad-hoc networks coexist and interoperate with
infrastructure-based networks.
7-15
802.11 Rate Adaptation
QAM16
10-1
QA M256
10-2
10-3
BER
10-4
10-5
QAM4
10-6
SNR(dB)
□ Base station and mobile dynamically
10 20
change transmission
10-7
rate (physical layer modulation technique)

30
as mobile moves,
SNR varies 40
□ SNR decreases BER increase as node moves away from base

station
□ When BER becomes too high, switch to lower transmission
rate but with lower BER
7-16
Power Management
□A station can be in one of three states:
□ Transmitter on
□ Receiver only on
□ Dozing: Both transmitter and receivers off.
□ Access point (AP) buffers traffic for dozing stations.

□ AP announces which stations have frames buffered.
Traffic indication map included in each beacon.
All multicasts/broadcasts are buffered.
□ Dozing stations wake up to listen to the beacon.
If there is data waiting for it, the station sends a poll
frame to get the data.
7-17
Bluetooth
□ Started with Ericsson's Bluetooth Project in 1994
□ Named after Danish king Herald Blatand
(AD 940-981) who was fond of blueberries
□ Radio-frequency communication between cell phones over
short distances
□ IEEE 802.15.1 approved in early 2002 is based on
Bluetooth
□ Key Features:
□ Lower Power: 10 A in standby, 50 mA while
transmitting
□ Cheap: $5 per device
Frequency
□ A piconet consists of a master and several slaves.
Master determines the timing and polls slaves for
transmission.
□ 7-18
IEEE 802.15.4
□ Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN)
□ Used by several “Internet of Things” protocols:
ZigBee, 6LowPAN, Wireless HART, MiWi, and ISA 100.11a
□ Lower rate, short distance  Lower power  Low energy
Wireless HART
Application
ISA 100.11a
ZigBee
MiWi
802.15.4 6LoWPAN
Network
MAC
802.15.4
802.15.4
802.15.4
802.15.4
PHY

7-19
ZigBee Overview
□ Industrial monitoring and control applications requiring small
amounts of data, turned off most of the time (<1% duty cycle),
e.g., wireless light switches, meter reading
□ Ultra-low power, low-data rate, multi-year battery life
□ Range: 1 to 100 m, up to 65000 nodes.
□ IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY.
Higher layer, interoperability by ZigBee Alliance
□ Named after zigzag dance of the honeybees
Direction of the dance indicates location of
food
□ Multi-hop ad-hoc mesh network
Multi-Hop Routing: message to non-adjacent
nodes
Ad-hoc Topology: No fixed topology. Nodes
discover each other
Mesh Routing: End-nodes help7-35 route messages
Review: Wireless LANs
and PANs
1. IEEE 802.11 PHYs: 11, 11b, 11g, 11a, 11n, …

2. IEEE 802.11 network consists of ESS consisting of
multiple BSSs each with an AP.
3. Power management allows stations to sleep.
4. IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer allows coordinators to schedule
transmissions of other nodes
5. ZigBee uses IEEE 802.15.4

7-21
Overview
Cellular Networks
□ Evolutionof Cellular Technologies

□ GSM Cellular Architecture
□ Evolved Packet System (EPS)

7-22
Cellular Telephony Generations
NA 3GPP2
1xEV 1xEV
AMPS cdmaOne CDMA2000 UMB
-DO -DV
NA-TDMA
3GPP2
D-AMPS
Evolved EDGE
Europe
TACS GSM GPRS EDGE WCDMA HSPA+ LTE LTE-Adv
3GPP
China TD-SCDMA
Networking Industry Mobile WiMAX WiMAX2

Analog Digital
CDMA OFDMA+ MIMO
FDMA TDMA
CDMA
Voice Voice Voice+Data Voice+Data Voice+HS Data All-IP
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
7-23
GSM Cellular Architecture
Base Home Visitor

Station Location Location
Base Register Register
Controller
Transceiver
Station Public
Subscriber Base Mobile services
Switched
Identity Station Switching Telephone
Module Controller Center Network
Mobile Base
Equipment Transceiver
Equipment Authenti-
Station Identity cation
Register Center
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem
Radio Access Network
7-24
Cellular Architecture (Cont.)
□ Base station controller (BSC) and
Base transceiver station (BTS)
□ One BTS per cell.
□ One BSC can control multiple
BTS.
□ Allocates radio channels
among BTSs.
□ Manages call handoffs
between BTSs.
□ Controls handset power levels
□ Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN

and switches calls between BSCs. Provides mobile
registration, location, authentication. Contains
7-25
Cellular Architecture (Cont.)
□ Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location
Register (VLR) provide call routing and roaming
□ VLR+HLR+MSC functions are generally in one
equipment
□ Equipment Identity Register (EIR) contains a list of
all valid mobiles.
□ Authentication Center (AuC) stores the secret keys of
all SIM cards.
□ Each handset has a International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI) number.
7-26
Evolved Packet System (EPS)
Radio Access Network Serving Network Core Network
Circuit Switched
GSM Core
Edge MS GERAN BTS BSC MSC MGW
2-2.5G
SGW SS7
WCDMA
HSPA+
UTRAN NodeB RNC SGSNSwitched
Packet GGSN
(UMTS) UE Core
3-3.5G
Internet
Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN
MME/ P-GW
UE LTE eNB S-GW
3.9 G
7-27
Review: Cellular Networks
1. 1G was Analog voice, 2G was Digital voice, 3G was

CDMA with voice and high-speed data, 4G is high-
speed data
2. A cellular system has a RAN with BTS, BSC and a
network subsystem with HLR, VLR, MSC, EIR, and
AuC
3. 3G replaced RAN with GERAN and BTS with
NodeB. 4G uses eNB.

7-28
Overview Recent Developments in Wireless PHY
□ OFDM, OFDMA, SOFDMA

□ Beamforming
□ MIMO
□ Turbo Codes
□ Space-Time Block Codes
□ Time Division Duplexing
□ Software defined radios

7-29
Wireless Radio Channel
 Path loss: Depends upon distance and frequency
 Noise
 Shadowing: Obstructions
 Frequency Dispersion (Doppler Spread) due to
motion
 Interference
 Multipath: Multiple reflected waves
 Inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to dispersion
Inter-Symbol Interference
Power
Time
Power
Time
Power
 Symbols become wider
 Limits the number of bits/s Time
Multiple Access Methods
Source: Nortel
1. OFDM
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Ten 100 kHz channels are better than one 1 MHz Channel
 Multi-carrier modulation
 Frequency band is divided into 256 or more sub-bands.

Orthogonal  Peak of one at null of others
 Each carrier is modulated with a BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-
QAM etc depending on the noise (Frequency selective fading)
 Used in 802.11a/g, 802.16,
Digital Video Broadcast handheld (DVB-H)
 Easy to implement using FFT/IFFT
Advantages of OFDM
 Easy to implement using FFT/IFFT
 Computational complexity = O(B log BT) compared
to previous O(B2T) for Equalization. Here B is the
bandwidth and T is the delay spread.
 Graceful degradation if excess delay
 Robustness against frequency selective burst errors
 Allows adaptive modulation and coding of
subcarriers
 Robust against narrowband interference (affecting
only some subcarriers)
 Allows pilot subcarriers for channel estimation
OFDM: Design considerations
 Large number of carriers  Larger symbol duration

 Less inter-symbol interference
 Reduced subcarrier spacing  Increased inter-carrier
interference due to Doppler spread in mobile applications
 Easily implemented as Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform (IDFT) of data symbol block
 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computationally
efficient way of computing DFT
OFDMA
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
 Each user has a subset of subcarriers for a few slots
 OFDM systems use TDMA
 OFDMA allows Time+Freq DMA  2D Scheduling
U1 U2 U3 OFDMA
OFDM
Freq.
Freq.
Photonics
Time
36 Time West
Tutorial,
February
4, 2008
©2008 Raj Jain
Page 36 of 136
Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA)
 OFDM symbol duration = f(subcarrier spacing)
 Subcarrier spacing = Frequency bandwidth/Number
of subcarriers
 Frequency bandwidth=1.25 MHz, 3.5 MHz, 5
MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, etc.
 Symbol duration affects higher layer operation
 Keep symbol duration constant at 102.9 us
 Keep subcarrier spacing 10.94 kHz
 Number of subcarriers  Frequency
bandwidth This is known as scalable OFDMA
37
2. Beamforming
 Phased Antenna Arrays:

Receive the same signal using multiple antennas
 By phase-shifting various received signals and then summing
 Focus on a narrow directional beam
 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is used for signal processing
 Self-aligning
3. MIMO
 Multiple Input Multiple Output
 RF chain for each antenna
 Simultaneous reception or transmission of
multiple streams
2x3
39
MIMO
 Antenna Diversity: Multiple transmit or receive antenna but a
single transmit/receive chain
 MIMO: RF chain for each antenna  Simultaneous reception
or transmission of multiple streams
1. Array Gain: Improved SNR. Requires channel knowledge
(available at receiver, difficult at transmitter)
2. Diversity Gain: Multiple independently fading paths. Get
NTNRth order diversity. Transmitter can code the signal
suitably  Space time coding.
3. Spatial Multiplexing Gain: Transmitting independent
streams from antennas. Min (NT, NR) gain
4. Interference Reduction: Co-channel interference reduced by
differentiating desired signals from interfering signals
Gigabit Wireless
Required Bandwidth
Range
Range
for 1Gbps
Bandwidth
# of Antennas
 Max 9 b/Hz in fixed and 2-4 b/Hz in mobile networks  Need

too much bandwidth  High frequency  Line of sight
 Single antenna will require too much power  high cost
amplifiers
 MIMO improves the range as well as reduces the required
bandwidth
Cooperative MIMO
 Two subscribers with one antenna each can transmit at
the same frequency at the same time
 The users do not really need to know each other. They
just use the pilots as indicated by the base.
P x
U2
P P
x P
P P x P
U1
P x
MIMO Cooperative MIMO
4. Space Time Block Codes (STBC)
 Invented 1998 by Vahid Tarokh.
 Transmit multiple redundant copies from multiple antennas
 Precisely coordinate distribution of symbols in space and time.
 Receiver combines multiple copies of the received signals
optimally to overcome multipath.
 Example: Two antennas:
Antenna 1
Slot 1 Antenna Time
S1 2 S2
Slot 2 -S2* S1*
Space
S1* is complex conjugate of S1  columns are orthogonal
5. Turbo Codes
 Shannon Limit:= B log2 (1+S/N)
 Normal FEC codes: 3dB below the Shannon limit
 Turbo Codes: 0.5dB below Shannon limit
Developed by French coding theorists in 1993
 Use two coders with an interleaver
 Interleaver rearranges bits in a prescribed but
irregular manner
Data Input xi Systemic Output xi
Parallel
Upper Parity zi to Serial Coded
Encoder Converter Output
Interleaved Interleave
Interleaver
Input x’ i Lower Parity z’i
Encoder
6. Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
 Duplex = Bi-Directional Communication
 Frequency division duplexing (FDD) (Full-Duplex)
Frequency 1
Base Subscriber
Frequency 2
 Time division duplex (TDD): Half-duplex
Base Subscriber
 Most WiMAX deployments will use TDD.
 Allows more flexible sharing of DL/UL data rate
 Does not require paired spectrum
 Easy channel estimation  Simpler transceiver design
 Con: All neighboring BS should time synchronize
7. Software Defined Radio
 GSM and CDMA incompatibility  Need multimode radios
 Military needs to intercept signals of different characteristics
 Radio characteristics (Channel bandwidth, Data rate,
Modulation type) can be changed by software
 Multiband, multi-channel, multi-carrier, multi-mode (AM,
FM, CDMA), Multi-rate (samples per second)
 Generally using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) or field
programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)
 Signal is digitized as close to the antenna as possible
 Speakeasy from Hazeltine and Motorola in mid 80’s was one
the first SDRs. Could handle 2 MHz to 2 GHz.
Summary: Wireless PHY
1. OFDM splits a band in to many

orthogonal subcarriers. OFDMA = FDMA
+ TDMA
2. Turbo codes use two coders and a interleaver
and operate very close to Shannon’s limit
3. Space-time block codes use multiple antennas
to transmit related signals
4. MIMO use multiple antennas for high
throughput

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Wireless and

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

1. Wireless Link Characteristics

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

□ Mobile vs. Wireless

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

□ All stations have the same logic

□ No infrastructure, Suitable for small area

□ Infrastructure Based: Access points (base units)

□ Base provide connection for off-network traffic

□ Base provides location tracking, directory,

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

54 802.11a,g 802.11a,g point-to-point data

5-11 802.11b 802.16 (WiMAX)

4 UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular

.384 UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G

.056 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G

Indoor Outdoor Mid-range Long-range

No Relay to reach other a given

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

□ B and A can hear each other

Ref: Section 7.2, Review Exercises R3-R4

□ IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN PHYs

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

Passive Scanning: Active Scanning:

Access Access Ad-hoc

rate (physical layer modulation technique)

□ SNR decreases BER increase as node moves away from base

□ Dozing: Both transmitter and receivers off.

□ Access point (AP) buffers traffic for dozing stations.

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

1. IEEE 802.11 PHYs: 11, 11b, 11g, 11a, 11n, …

Ref: Section 7.3, Review Exercises R5-R13

□ Evolutionof Cellular Technologies

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

Networking Industry Mobile WiMAX WiMAX2

Base Home Visitor

□ Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN

1. 1G was Analog voice, 2G was Digital voice, 3G was

Ref: Section 7.4, Review Exercises R14-R17

□ OFDM, OFDMA, SOFDMA

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain

 Frequency band is divided into 256 or more sub-bands.

 Large number of carriers  Larger symbol duration

 Phased Antenna Arrays:

 Max 9 b/Hz in fixed and 2-4 b/Hz in mobile networks  Need

1. OFDM splits a band in to many

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