Particle physics chapter 11

This chapter has two topics

11.1 Atoms, nuclei and radiation

11.2 Fundamental particles

 11.1 Atoms, nuclei and radiation
This topic has five subtopics

Students should be able to:

1 Explain the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of the nucleus
2 Describe a simple atomic model , isotopes and distinguish between nucleon number and
proton number ( A,Z and X)
3 Describe the composition, mass and charge of α-, β- and γ-radiations (both β– (electrons)
and β+ (positrons) are included) and antiparticle
4 Describe that α-particles have discrete energies but that β-particles have a continuous
range of energies because (anti)neutrinos are emitted in β-decay
5 Use the unified atomic mass unit (u) as a unit of mass
1. α-particle scattering experiment
Note:-
2. Describe a simple atomic model

Note : The nucleon number (or mass number) of an atom is the total number of protons and
neutrons it contains. These protons and neutrons are subatomic particles.
3. The types decay

1. Alpha,α
2. Beta,β , β+
3. Gamma,γ
Alpha (α ) decay
Alpha decay, type of radioactive disintegration in which
some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by
spontaneously ejecting an alpha particle. Then this
unstable nuclei turn to stable nuclei.

Note:
1.Alpha particles are essentially helium nuclei with two protons and
two neutrons bound together.
2.Atomic number and mass number should be balanced both sides.
2. Beta,β(β-) and β+
Beta decay occurs when, in a nucleus with
too many protons or too many neutrons,
one of the protons or neutrons is
transformed into the other.
Two types of beta decay can occur.

One type (negative beta decay, β(β-) ) releases a negatively charged beta particle called an electron, and an
antineutrino.
The other type (positive beta decay, β+)
releases a positively charged beta
particle called a positron, and a neutrino.

+
 3. Gamma (γ ) radiation
A nucleus changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state through the emission of
electromagnetic radiation (photons). The emission of gamma rays does not alter the number of
protons or neutrons in the nucleus but instead has the effect of moving the nucleus from a higher
to a lower energy state (unstable to stable).

Note:-
Note:-
4. Describe the energy of α-particles and β-particles
α-particles and energy distribution
Nuclei have a series of discrete (something that is separate) energy levels. So, a
simple alpha decay will go from one level in the parent nucleus to one level in the
daughter nucleus, releasing a set amount of energy. 
Parent

Daughter
β-particles and energy distribution

The continuous energy spectrum occurs because Q is shared between the electron

and the antineutrino.
5. Use the unified atomic mass unit (u) as a unit of mass

This value will be given in your exam paper

11.2 Fundamental particles
Students should be able to:

1 Explain and write down the fundamental particles and respective anti particles.

2 Explain and write down the hadron ,baryon and meson.

3 Describe the changes to quark composition that take place during β– and β+ decay.

What is fundamental particle? !!!!!!!Think !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Fundamental particles are the smallest building blocks of
the universe. 

If you say smallest building blocks of the universe, What are they?????????????????? 
1 Explain and write down the fundamental particles
and respective anti particles
Six types of quarks and the six types of leptons are fundamental particles.
Neutrino particles do not have charge
2 Explain and write the stranded quark model and hadron ,baryon and meson.
3 Describe the changes to quark composition that take place during β– and
β+ decay.

ddu duu
d u

duu ddu
u d
END