MITOCHONDRIA

group 9
 GROUP MEMBER 9

1.Adzra luthfia 21032108

2.Siti Atika Salsabila 21032096

Lecturer in Cell Biology course :

Reki Kardiman, Ph.D.

 what is mitochondria?

Mitochondria are important organelles that make up the body. These organelles usua
found in eukaryotic cells. This important organelle will help produce
the energy needed for the cell's biochemical reactions. The energy produced by th
mitochondria is stored in small molecules known as
ATP or adenosine triphosphate. This process of producing energy is referred to as
aerobic respiration.
 Morphological and anatomical structures
1. Outer membrane mitochondria
The outer membrane is composed of proteins and lipids with
the same comparison. The outer mitochondrial membrane
has integral proteins on the membrane called
porins, which form permeable channels to
facilitate the passage of various molecules into and out of the
mitochondria.
The outer membrane acts as a barrier between
the interior of the mitochondrion with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane
contains certain enzymes to help
the biosynthetic process.
 2. Inner membrane

The inner membrane layer in the form of these folds

is often called cristae (crista). These cristae
serve as sites of phosphorylation oxidation
and electron transfer and can provide an increase
in surface area. so that there is more space
for processes that occur across this membrane.

This part of the curve is composed of lipids and proteins.

The lipid molecules present in kriste include
phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl choline. while
the protein in the kriste consists of all
the enzymes that are useful in the electron transport chain
such as ATP synthetase and enzymes to form
proteins.
 3. Space between membranes

Intermembrane space is a space

found between the outer
and inner membranes of the mitochondrial organelle.
The function of the intermembrane space where
various important reactions take place
in a cell. For example, the krebs cycle,
beta oxidation reactions of fatty acids or
amino acid oxidation reactions.
 4. Inner Matrix of the Membrane

The matrix in the mitochondria is a space

enclosed by an inner membrane that
functions as a place for several
metabolic processes to occur. The mitochondrial matrix is a
gel-like fluid covered with an inner membrane
containing a number of Krebs cycle enzymes, salts
and water. In the matrix there is also
genetic material, known as mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), ribosomes, ATP, ADP, inorganic phosphate and
ions such as magnesium, calcium and potassium.
 5. Mitochondria DNA

Mitochondrial DNA is different from nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is

present in large quantities (more than
1000) in each cell, mitochondrial DNA is only inherited
from the mother (maternally inherited).

The size of the genome in mitochondrial DNA is relatively small

compared to the genome of DNA in the nucleus. The size
of the mitochondrial DNA genome in each organism
varies greatly.

Mitochondria DNA is circular. Most

mitochondrial DNA carries genes that function in
the process of cellular respiration.
components of the outer membrane and
inner mitochondrial membrane
1.The Components of the Outer Membrane

The components of the outer mitochondrial membrane

are proteins and lipids. the outer membrane contains
the protein porin which causes this membrane to
be permeable (passable) by
small molecules measuring 6000 Dalton.

In addition, the outer membrane also contains enzymes

involved in lipid biosynthesis and enzymes that play a
role in the lipid transport process to the matrix
to undergo -oxidation to produce Acetyl
CoA.
 2. Components of the Inner Mitochondria Membrane

The inner membrane is less permeable than the outer membrane

which consists of 20% lipids and 80% proteins.

The lipid molecules present in kriste include phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl choline.
while the protein in the kriste consists of all the enzymes that are useful in
the electron transport chain such as ATP synthetase and enzymes to form proteins.

The inner membrane contains proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation reactions,

ATP synthase which functions to form ATP in the mitochondrial matrix, and
transport proteins that regulate the entry and exit of metabolites from the matrix across the
inner membrane.
 Mitochondria Function

1. The place where cellular respiration takes place

The main function of mitochondria is cellular respiration, cellular respiration is
a chemical process to release energy stored in
glucose. The energy used for the
breakdown of glucose is provided by the ATP molecules.
This process consists of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and
electron transport.
 2. Produce energy in the form of ATP
The function of mitochondria is to produce energy.
the food consumed will be broken down in
molecular form such as carbohydrates or fats
then sent to the mitochondrion, later
ATP is produced by the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
 3. Maintain the concentration of calcium ions
proper and sufficient
concentrations of calcium ions in the various compartments of the cell.
Mitochondria help cells by serving as a
storage tank that can store calcium.
 4. Build parts of blood and
hormones
Mitochondria also have other roles and functions, namely in
building certain parts of the blood and hormones.
Examples of the parts that mitochondria build from blood
or hormones include testosterone and estrogen.
 5. Detoxifies ammonia

Mitochondrial function is also important for detoxification

ammonia. This is done because of the enzymes found in
the mitochondria in liver cells. Enzymes that then
do their job to detoxify ammonia.
 6. Carry out the process of apoptosis

Mitochondria also play a role in the process of programmed cell death,

meaning that too many unwanted cells
will be cut off during the development of the organism, which
is a process known as apoptosis.
 7. Supervise cell growth
Mitochondrial function is important in cell growth, in
In relation to cells, mitochondria function to monitor
cell growth and development. In addition, mitochondria
also play a role in controlling cell differentiation.
 Mitochondrial semi-autonomous concept

The semi-autonomous nature of mitochondria can be seen from the synthetic

mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA is transcribed in
mtDNA, while mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are transcribed
from nuclear DNA, then translated on cytoplasmic ribosomes
and finally transported into mitochondria for assembly
of nucleoprotein particles (ribosomes).
 Organs that contain a lot of
mitochondria in the human body
Inside the mitochondrion there is a 'space' called the matrix.
where some minerals can be found. Cells that have a
lot of mitochondria can be found in the heart, liver, and muscles.
 ️

thank you for your attention