BARS AND TRUSSES

ME 206T
Unit-I
Lecture-V
Outline
 Solving the Global Stiffness Matrix
 Elimination Approach

 Numerical

 Solving the Global Stiffness Matrix

 Penalty Approach

 Numerical
Solving the Global Stiffness Matrix
 Boundary conditions i.e. Kinematic constraints or support
conditions are inevitable for solving a structural problem
 Without the boundary conditions, the structure will behave as a
rigid body and will not resist applied loads

 Mathematically, without the boundary conditions, the

Global Stiffness Matrix remains singular, i.e. no inverse exists
 Global Stiffness Matrix can be made non-singular by specifying
adequate boundary conditions

 Boundary conditions are of two types:

 Homogeneous (zero displacement at nodes)
 Non-homogeneous (finite displacement at nodes)
Elimination Approach
 Selective elimination of rows and columns is carried out
from the Stiffness Equation, in the Elimination Approach

 We shall consider for 3 x 3 matrix

 We shall now see the logic behind the Elimination

Approach

 From Potential Energy Approach, we have:

1 T
  Q KQ  Q T F
2
Elimination Approach
 Let Q1 = a, be known. Elimination method can be
summarized as follows:

 As, Q1 is known, eliminate the row Q1 and F1

 Eliminate first row and first column of the stiffness
matrix, since first variable is known
 Modify the global load vector as shown

 k11 k12 k13  Q1   F1 

k     
k22 k23 Q2    F2  ak21 
 21 
k31 k32 k33  Q3   F3  ak31 
Numerical
 For the loading system as shown in figure,
determine the displacements, stresses and
support reaction. Assume E = 80000 N/mm2
Penalty Approach
 Elimination approach is simple but difficult to adapt for
computer programs, giving rise to the alternate Penalty
Approach

 In this approach, the rigid support is considered to be a

spring of infinite (very high) stiffness
Penalty Approach
 Stiffness of rigid ground is taken 10000 times greater (ideally
infinite) than the maximum value in the Global Stiffness Matrix

 The displacement Q1 will be approximately equal to a1 due to high

stiffness

 Following change is made in the stiffness equation

k11  C k12  Q1   F1  Ca1 

 k    
 21 k22  Q2   F2 
 Reaction force can be found as follows:

R  C (Q  a )
.
Numerical
 Solve using Penalty
Approach. Determine the
deflections and
reactions. E = 200 GPa

 Global Stiffness Matrix is

given by:

2 2 0 0
  2 3.5  1.5 0 
K  105  
 0  1.5 2.5  1
 
 0 0  1 1 
Numerical
 For the loading system as shown in figure,
determine the displacements, stresses and
support reaction. Assume E = 80000 N/mm2
Numerical
 Consider the following arrangement of springs.
Calculate the deflections in each spring when a
force of 2000 N is applied
Stay Golden !