Corporate HSE Department

Incident
•All injuries can be prevented
•Unplanned and unwanted event which disrupts the work process and has the
potential of resulting in injury, harm, or damage to persons or property.
•An incident disrupts the work process, does not result in injury or damage, but
should be looked as a “wake up call”. It can be thought of as the first of a series of
events which could lead to a situation in which harm or damage occurs. Employers
should investigate an incident to determine the root cause and use the information
to stop process and behaviors that could just as easily have resulted in an accident.
Accident
• Unplanned and unwanted event which disrupts the work process and has the
potential of resulting in injury, harm, or damage to persons or property.
• Accidents are predictable and preventable events.
• They don’t have to happen.
• Hazard – Potential to cause harm to people & equipment.
ensuring...

• Zero Accident
• Zero Health Hazard
• Zero Pollution
 Accident

● Higher Cost & Lower Profit

● Money spent for accident is not like money spent for

material or wages. There is no return on money spent
for accident.
Accidents - The Consequences
IMMEDIATE
Death, Injury
Pain, Disease, Damage,
Loss SHORT TERM
Medical
Repairs
replacements LONG TERM
Lost Production
Increased Costs Suffering
Discipline Disability
Low Morale Lost Income
Insurance Compensation
Mistrust
Missed Targets
Profitability
Cost of Accidents
VICTIM AND DEPENDENTS

Suffering Loss of earning

Extra expenses
Continuing disability

Effect on family Effect on sport & hobbies

Cost of Accidents
SUPERVISOR

Loss of Rep
ort,
prestige e xtra
wo
rk

ry
Wor

Training new staff

Cost of Accidents
SECTION OR DEPARTMENT

Capacity to
Morale produce
Cost of Accidents
FIRM OR ORGANISATION
Loss of
earning Compensation
Loss in paying
in legal action

Lost of Penalty
client

Damage to the Extra insurance

equipment and premium
materials
Cost of Accidents
NATION
Loss of income
in a form of Loss of
income tax morale
Accident Costs - Iceberg

❖Building damage
Insured ❖Medical (covering injury, ill health)
Costs ❖Compensation
(1) ❖Tool, equipment, material, product damage
❖Production delays and interruptions
The ❖Legal expenses
❖Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies
Hidden ❖Interim equipment rentals
❖Investigation time/clearing site
Uninsured ❖Wages paid for time lost
Costs ❖Costs hiring and/or training replacements
❖Overtime working
(8 - 36 ❖Extra supervisor time
❖Loss of expertise/experience
as much as ❖Decreased output of injured worker upon return
insured costs) ❖Loss of business and goodwill
 Accident Ratio Studies

The Heinrich Theory (USA-1931)

Serious / Fatal

Minor Injuries

Non-Injury
The TYE/Pearson Theory (UK-1974/75)

The Bird Theory (USA-1969) Serious / Fatal

Minor Injuries
Serious / Fatal 1 to 3 days MC)
First-aid-Injuries
Minor Injuries

Property Damage Property Damage

Non-Injury / Damage Non-Injury / Damage

Accident

● An unplanned event which results in unacceptable

consequences
● An undesirable event which interrupts normal
activity
Accident

“An unexpected, unplanned event in

sequence of events, that occurs
through a combination of causes. It
results in injury or disease to an
individual, damage to property or
equipment, a near-miss, a loss or any
combination of these effects”.
Why do Accidents happen?
Workers and employees don’t
always agree on why accident happen.

e i s t o
r kp l a c
the w o .
M E
BLA
Workers may say that the workplace is :
❖ Hazardous
❖ Unsafe
❖ Dangerous
❖ Badly Organised
Why do Accidents happen?
Employers sometimes say that
the worker is :
❖ Careless
❖ Reckless
❖ Silly
❖ Accident Prone
❖ Inconsiderate
❖ Ignorant

r ke r i s to
th e w o
BL A M E .
Why do Accidents happen?
Some accidents may be due to human errors. But the work environment must
recognise that the workers are human and sometimes make mistakes – this must be
acknowledged during workplace design. Employers can improve the workplace so that
stress, fatigue and poor working conditions do not cause mistakes.

Has blaming each other solved the problem?

No, as can be seen from the accident figures.
Cause of Accident
The Human Factor
Directly Involved
Fatigue, Stress, Lack of Training, Taking
Shortcut, Lack of Experience
Lack of Concentration, Using Incorrect
Tool
Not Wearing Appropriate PPE, Not
Following Work Practices
Indirectly Involved
Fault with the Original Design of a Piece of
Equipment
Inappropriate Purchasing Decisions
Behavior of Fellow Individuals in The
Workplace
Cause of Accident
Unsafe Acts of Person

•Operating without clearance / failure to secure or

warn.
•Operating or working at unsafe speed.
•Making safety devices inoperative.
•Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely.
•Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.
•Taking unsafe position of posture.
•Working on moving of dangerous equipment.
•Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc.
•Failure to use safe attire or personal protective
devices.
Cause of Accident
Unsafe Physical Conditions

•Inadequately guarded, guards of improper height,

strength, mesh, etc.
•Unguarded absence of required
•Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed,
cracked, etc.
•Unsafely designed machines, tools, etc.
•Unsafely arranged, poor housekeeping,
congestion, blocked exits, etc.
•Inadequately lighted, sources of glare, etc.
•Inadequately ventilated impure air sources, etc.
•Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves, masks,
wearing high heels, etc.
•Unsafe processes, mechanical, chemical,
electrical, nuclear, etc.
 Cause of Accident
Unsafe Acts / Condition Typical Unsafe Acts / Condition
Incorrect tool selected for job; tool used in a manner for which it
Improper use equipment was not intended; overloading, defeat or removal of safety
devices; use of obviously defective equipment.
Failure to make proper Hot metal clothing not worn or left unbuttoned. Incorrect type
use of correct protective of glove/eye protection used. Failure to use safety
clothing/equipment. harness/lifeline.

Failure: to shut off equipment not in use; to place warning signs

etc.; to lock or secure vehicles, switches, valves, ladders,
Failure to secure warn.
materials against unexpected motion etc.; to warn others or give
instructions.

Jumping from heights, operating plants at unsafe speed,

Working at unsafe
speed. running, throwing materials, haste or short cuts taken,
horseplaying.
Gripping objects insecurely, taking wrong hold, improper body
Incorrect posture or
improper use of limbs. position adopted; attempting to lift excessive weight or move
awkward load manually.
Cause of Accident
Unsafe Acts / Condition Typical Unsafe Acts / Condition
Inattention To footing or surrounds.
Standing / riding / walking in unsafe places. Unnecessary
Personal unsafe position exposure to moving equipment, or equipment /
substances which are hot.

Unsafe placement Of vehicles, materials or equipment (housekeeping).

Hazardous plant / Accident caused through equipment or plant / materials

which are rough; sharp; worn; hot; broken; improperly
equipment / materials
designed; constructed; assembled or maintained.
Use of inherently hazardous methods or procedures;
Unsafe operational method
inadequately lifting aids.
Inadequate personal
Improper of inadequate clothing or equipment provided.
equipment
Unsafe precautions on Inadequate guarding, shielding, insulation, earthling,
plant’s/site equipment shoring, labeling.
Cause of Accident
Unsafe Acts / Condition
Unsafe storage
Environment hazards
Unsafe place of work and
unsafe means of access/egress.
Typical Unsafe Acts / Condition
Improperly stacked or placed equipment/materials;
plant/ equipment in adequately secure against
movement.
Excessive noise, insufficient space, clearance,
ventilation, lighting; inadequate traffic control; airborne
dust; effects of room temperature.
Defective premises, low headroom, slippery floors,
improperly designed or damaged stairs, catwalks,
ladder etc.; holes in floors; house-keeping.
Accident Causation Theories
Heinrich (1930’s)

• Emphasis for prevention of unsafe acts/condition.

• Approach can lead to blaming the worker when management system is at faults
(prone worker approach).

Five Factors / Stages in the sequence of events;

1. Ancestry / Social Environment

2. Fault of a person
3. Unsafe acts / Condition
4. Accident
5. Injury
Accident Causation Theories
Multiple Causation Theories

The multi causes is equivalent to the third stage in the Heinrich theory.

Heinrich made reference to “Underlying causes”. What were these cause.

Using 5W, 1H.

The Accident Hierarchy

Management
Root Cause
Systems

Work Activities

Operating Rules

Violations Mistakes Direct Cause

Accidents
The Accident Studies
Management
Through Supervision

Man Failure
Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability

Unsafe Acts of Unsafe Mechanical or Inexplicable

Persons Physical Conditions
88% 10% 2%

Accidents 2% are unpreventable

50% are practically preventable
98% are of a preventable type
Safety Awareness...
Safety
Safety is absence of danger.

Safety is an attitude, a frame of mind.

It is the awareness of one’s environment and actions, all day, everyday. To do this does
not require genius, a PhD, or even a title or rank.

Safety is knowing what is going on; knowing what can injure anyone or anything;
knowing how to prevent that injury and then acting to prevent it.
All it requires is intelligence and a reasonable amount of native ability to see, to hear, to
smell and to think.
What is Safety Awareness?
Safety Awareness Means:

• Being able to recognise unsafe practices and conditions. It requires following

safety procedures.
• Getting to know all you can about the conditions that promote safety, including
emergency response procedures.
• Signifies you to willingness to take time to prevent accident.
• Having the right attitude about safety, both your own and your coworker’s safety.
• Can help prevent injury, illness and accidental damage to company property.
• Being on the lookout for unsafe practices and conditions in your work area.
What is Safety Awareness?
Safety Awareness is all about understanding the need to prevent avoidable accidents
and there are three compelling reasons why every organisation and every individual
MUST accept accident prevention as vital element of all activity in the workplace.
Humanitarian
An accident can lead to a change of lifestyle that can be for an individual and often for a
whole family.
Economic

Organisation face loss: absenteeism,

higher accident compensation
premium

Hidden cost of accidents: stopped

production, spoilage of material,
damage to plant and equipment,
replacement of staff, training &
retraining, re-tooling, re-designing
Legal
•Social Security payments to people injured in accidents, but not adequately covered
by other insurance.
•Aid to dependent families where income falls below a minimum level.
•Payments to legal personnel relating to court proceedings.
•Preparation and issuance of laws standards and regulations and their administration.
Safety Tips For Employer

Set HSE policy and committee.

Allocate budget for HSE programmed and activities.
Fulfill the need of HSE Legislation.
Ensure all employees understand the related HSE programmed and activities.
Training for HSE commitment.
Yield – analyses the achievement for improvement.

Safety Tips !
Safety Tips For Employee
Search all hazards at workplace.
Assess the potential risk.
Find the control measures.
Exercise and make it habit.
Take part on OSH programmed and activities.
Yell for commitment.

Safety Tips !
Thank you