ADVANCED POWER

ELECTRONICS AND
APPLICATIONS
Revision
1

Eng. K.M.G.Y. Sewwandi

 Regulator - Introduction
A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a
pre-set magnitude that remains constant regardless of
changes to its input voltage or load conditions.

The voltage regulator is needed to keep voltages within the

prescribed range that can be tolerated by the electrical
equipment using that voltage.

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Components of Typical Power Supply

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 Series Pass Regulator
• In order to provide improved levels of performance, it is possible
to add a more sophisticated feedback network into the voltage
regulator circuit.
• This is achieved by sampling the output, comparing it to a
reference and then using some form of differential amplifier to
feedback the difference to correct the errors.

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 Series Pass Regulator

• It is possible to use a
simple two transistor
circuit for a series pass
regulator with voltage
sensing and feedback.

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Question
(a) Briefly explain one of the available power-electronics based utility
application. Your answer should contain a schematic diagram which
represents the basic structure of that utility application. (4 marks)

(b) Consider the two-transistor regulator shown in Figure 02,

Figure 02
The required Vout is 30V, for a Vin of 40V. The nominal output current is 6
50mA. The current gain of Q2 is high (>100) while the current gain of Q1 is
50.
 Question
The required Vout is 30V, for a Vin of 40V. The nominal output current is
50mA. The current gain of Q2 is high (>100) while the current gain of Q1
is 50.

(1) If the Zener voltage of ZD1 is 6.4V, calculate suitable component

values for R1,R2,R3 to meet the required specification. State any

assumptions used.
(2) Calculate the approximate efficiency of the circuit. State any
assumptions used. 7
(3) What is the maximum current that can be drawn from the output
before the circuit fails to regulate the output voltage?
Buck Converter – Theoretical Analysis

On State Off State

 Buck Converter – Summary
1. Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous
 Duty Ratio

 Peak to Peak Current Ripple

Inductor
Value (L)
 Peak to Peak Voltage Ripple
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Capacitor
Value (C)
 Buck Converter – Summary ctd..
Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous

 Inductor Value (minimum)

=

 Capacitor Value (minimum)

𝑉 𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 2𝑆
𝐶=
8 𝐿∆ 𝑉 𝑜

Output ripple voltage (Vo) is usually specified, often 20mV 10

Typical Switching Frequency 40kHz
 Buck Converter – Summary ctd..
Discontinuous conduction mode – Boundary Operation
 Output Current

 Maximum Output Current (when D= 0.5)

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Question
A buck converter which is working in continuous current mode is required to
meet the following specifications,
Input Voltage: 40V
Output Voltage: 20 V
Switching Frequency: 40kHz
Maximum output voltage ripple: 0.5 %
Load resistance is around 10 Ω and you can assume diode on-drop as 0.6V. 
(i) Sketch the schematic diagram of the power converter including all the
required components.
(ii) Calculate the duty ratio and the required minimum inductor value to make
sure the continuous current mode operation. Hence suggest a suitable value
to the inductor.
(iii)Calculate minimum and maximum inductor current values based on the
selected inductor value. 12
(iv)Calculate the required capacitor value to keep the output voltage ripple in
the specified limits.   
Boost Converter –Theoretical Analysis
Continuous conduction mode
• In the continuous conduction mode, Li is continuous..

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 Boost Converter – Summary
1. Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous
 Duty Ratio

 Peak to Peak Current Ripple

𝑉 𝑑 𝑡 𝑂𝑁
∆ 𝐼 𝐿= Inductor
𝐿
Value (L)
 Peak to Peak Voltage Ripple
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Capacitor
Value (C)
 Boost Converter – Summary
Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous

 Inductor Value (minimum)

𝑉 𝑑 𝑡 𝑂𝑁
L=
∆ 𝐼𝐿

 Capacitor Value (minimum)

Output ripple voltage (Vo) is usually specified, often 20mV 15

Typical Switching Frequency 40kHz
 Boost Converter – Summary
Discontinuous conduction mode – Boundary Operation
 Output Current

 Maximum Output Current

 proposing

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 Question
A boost chopper has input voltage of 20 V with switching
frequency equal to 1 kHz. Calculate:
a) The required duty cycle that can be applied to the
switch to boost the input voltage to 60V.
b) The ON and OFF period for the constant switching
frequency operation.
c) Output current if the resistance load equal to 10 Ω.
d) Average input inductor current.
e) The maximum and minimum currents via the input
inductor if the inductance is 10mH.
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Buck Boost Converter –Theoretical Analysis
Continuous conduction mode
• In the continuous conduction mode, Li is continuous

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Buck Boost Converter – Summary
1. Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous
 Duty Ratio

 Peak to Peak Current Ripple

Inductor
Value (L)
 Peak to Peak Voltage Ripple
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Capacitor
Value (C)
 Buck Boost Converter – Summary
Continuous conduction mode – Li is continuous

 Inductor Value (minimum)

𝑇 𝑆 𝑉 𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)2
L=
2𝐼𝑜

 Capacitor Value (minimum)

You can assume output ripple voltage as 20mV and

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switching Frequency as 40kHz if the data is not given
Buck Boost Converter – Summary
Discontinuous conduction mode – Boundary Operation
 Output Current

 Maximum Output Current

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 Question
Required specifications of a Buck/Boost converter is given
below
Vo=12V
Vin=5V
Io=10A
ΔVo=0.5V
ΔiL=0.5A
f=100kHz
Sketch the schematic diagram of the power converter
including all the required components
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Design a Buck/Boost converter according to the above
specifications
Thank You….!

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