A/D & D/A

Converters
ADC
• An electronic integrated circuit which transforms a signal from analog (continuous) to
digital (discrete) form.
• Analog signals are directly measurable quantities.
• Digital signals only have two states. For digital computer, we refer to binary states, 0 and
1.
• ADC are used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form.
• Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone, thermocouples, and
digital oscilloscope.
• Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs, our micro controller uses an 8
or 10 bit ADC
ADC Process

• Sampling and Holding (S/H)

• Quantizing and Encoding (Q/E)

Sampling and Holding (S/H)
Sampling and Holding (S/H)
Quantizing and Encoding (Q/E)
Accuracy of ADC

• There are tow ways to best improve the accuracy of A/D conversion.
• Increasing the resolution which improves the accuracy in
measuring the amplitude of the analogy signal.
• Increasing the sampling rate which increases the maximum
frequency that can be measured.
Types of ADC

• Successive Approximation (SAR) ADC.

• Delta-sigma (ΔΣ) ADC.

• Dual Slope ADC.

• Pipelined ADC.

• Flash ADC.
DAC

• A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital input signal

into an analog output signal.

• The digital signal is represented with a binary code, which is a

combination of bits 0 and 1.

• A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) consists of a number of binary

inputs and a single output. In general, the number of binary inputs of a
DAC will be a power of two.
Types of DAC

• Weighted Resistor DAC

• R-2R Ladder DAC

Weighted Resistor DAC

•A weighted resistor DAC

produces an analog output, which
is almost equal to the digital
(binary) input by using binary
weighted resistors in the
inverting adder circuit.
R-2R Ladder DAC

• As the name suggests, R-2R

Ladder DAC produces an analog
output, which is almost equal to
the digital (binary) input by
using a R-2R ladder network in
the inverting adder circuit.