D-BLOCK ELEMENTS

D block elements
 Elements having electrons (1 to 10) present in the d-orbital of the
penultimate energy level and in the outermost ‘s’ orbital (1-2) are d
block elements. 
 There are four series in the d block corresponding to the filling up of
3d, 4d, 5d or 6d orbitals.

 3d- Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn

 4d- Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd
 5d- La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg
 6d- incomplete.
Position of d block
why d block elements are called transition
elements ?
Transition elements occupy groups 4–11. Scandium
and yttrium of group 3, having a partially
filled d subshell in the metallic state are considered as
transitions elements
Electronic configuration of d block elements
D block Elements have a general electronic
configuration
Along the period, from left to right, electrons are
added to the 3d subshell as per the Aufbau principle
and Hund’rule of mulitplicity
Chromium and Copper
Cr and Cu don’t fit the pattern of building up the
3d sub-shell, why?
In the ground state electrons are always arranged to give
lowest total energy
Electrons are negatively charged and repel each other
Lower total energy is obtained with e- singly in orbitals
rather than if they are paired in an orbital
Energies of 3d and 4s orbitals very close together in
Period 4
Metallic character
D block elements show typical metallic behaviour of
high tensile strength, malleability, ductility, electrical
and thermal conductivity, metallic lustre
They are very hard and low volatility except for
Copper.
Hardness increases with the number of unpaired
electrons. Hence Cr, Mo and W are very hard metals.
Atomic and ionic radii
Physical properties of d-block elements
Density: Among the transition series, the trend in
density will be reverse of atomic radii, i.e. density
increase remains almost the same and then decreases
along the period.
Why d- block element have high
melting point and boiling point?
Unpaired electrons and the empty or partially filled d-
orbitals form covalent bonding in addition to the
metallic bonding by s-electrons. Because of such
strong bonding, d-block elements have high melting
and boiling points than s and p block elements
Why mercury is a liquid metal?
Mercury is the only metal that exists in its liquid state
at room temperature.
This is due to that 6s valence electrons of Mercury are
more closely pulled by the nucleus (lanthanide
contraction) such that outer s-electrons are less
involved in metallic bonding.
NON-STOCHIOMETRIC D-BLOCK
COMPUNDS
Transition metal compounds of different oxidation
states may sometimes present together. They may be
formed by solid structure defects or by the prevalent
conditions. But, this mixture behaves like a single
compound.
Examples:Fe0.94O, Fe0.84O, VSe0.98, Se1.2
Alloy formation in d block elements
The alloys of transition metals are hard and high
metals are high melting as compared to the host
metal.
Various steels are alloys of iron with metals such as
chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten,
manganese etc.
Some important alloys are:
Brass: Cu + Zn
Bronze: Cu + Sn
German Silver: Cu + Zn + Ni
Important compounds of d block
 K2Cr2O7 (Potassium Dichromate):
 This compound is considered very important in the leather industry.
 Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent. Potassium
dichromate is also used as a primary standard in the process of 
volumetric analysis.
 KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
 The physical appearance of KMnO4 has an intense purple colour. It
exhibits diamagnetic properties and also weak paramagnetic properties
which are reliant on the temperature.
 Potassium permanganate is also used as an oxidant in the preparation
of various products in organic chemistry.
 It also finds use in the bleaching of cotton, silk, and wool.
 

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by sreejay