COURSE TITLE: INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINES(2 UNITS)
COURSE LECTURER: DR. P.O. BABALOLA
& DR. J.O. DIRISU
 Introduction- Brief history of IC
engines, basic engine operation,
introduction to engine cycles, spark
ignition engine cycles, compression
ignition engine cycles, gas turbine
engine cycles, and 2 Vs 4 stroke
engines
 Thermodynamics of IC engines -
Internal vs. external combustion
engines, air standard cycles, fuel-air
cycles, actual cycles, power, torque,
thermal efficiency, mean effective
pressure, and local effects of operating
variables on actual cycles
 Aircapacity of IC engines - Volumetric
efficiency, real power and torque Vs
volumetric efficiency, idealized inlet
and exhaust processes, real intake and
exhaust processes, 2 stroke engine air
capacity and scavenging
 Fuelfor IC engines - Volatility,
detonation characteristics of fuels for
spark and compression ignition
engines, octane ratings, energy values
of fuels, heat of evaporation of fuels,
alternative fuels and mixture
requirement for S.I. engines
 Combustion - Ideal combustion of S.I
engines, real combustion of S.I engines,
abnormal combustion of S.I engines,
combustion Vs operating variables, diesel
combustion, and combustion Vs engine
design
 Fuel System - Carburetors, direct fuel
injection, constant flow fuel injection,
continuous fuel injection and electronic
fuel injection
 Ignition Systems - Spark plugs,
breaker point ignition, transistorized
ignition, capacitive discharge ignition,
magneto ignition, distributor less
ignition and ignition timing
 Emission control systems - Emission
sources, exhaust after treatment,
emission reduction systems and diesel
emissions
 Electronicengine controls - Open vs.
closed loop control, sensors and
actuators, adaptive controls, speed
density fuel control, mass air fuel
control, emission systems control and
selected engine control and on board
diagnostics.
 Engine Design - Cylinder
arrangement, balancing, cylinder head
design, pistons and rings, camshafts
and valve trains, intake and exhaust
systems.
 Performance and Testing -
Dynamometer testing, supercharging,
intake and exhaust system tuning,
losses reduction and race engines.
 IC ENGINES, V. GANESAN, 4TH EDITION, 2017, Mc GRAW
HILL PUBLISHERS
 COMBUSTION ENGINES- AN INTRODUCTION TO THEIR
DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND SELECTION, AMAN GUPTA,
SHUBHAM SHARMA, AND SUNNY NARAYAN, 2016 EDITION,
WILEY PUBLISHER
 MARKS HANDBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
CHAPTER 9,10TH EDITION, McGRAW-HILL
 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING, CHAPTER 8,9, A.K. RAJA ET
AL, NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHER
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE-ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS, WILLARD W. PULKRABEK, PARENTICE HALL
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUNDAMENTALS, JOHN B.
HEYWOOD , McGRAW HILL
 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING , G.B.S. NARANG, KHANNA
PUBLISHERS

FOUR-CYCLE VERSUS TWO-CYCLE
ENGINES
You have probably noted that the two-
cycle engine produces a power stroke
every crankshaft revolution; the four-
cycle engine requires two crankshaft
revolutions for each power stroke. It
might appear that the two-cycle engine
could produce twice as much power as
the four-cycle engine of the same size,
operating at the same speed. However,
that is not true.
With the two-cycle engine, some of the
power is used to drive the blower that
forces the air-fuel charge into the
cylinder under pressure. Also, the
burned gases are not cleared from the
cylinder. Additionally, because of the
much shorter period the intake port is
open (compared to the period the
intake valve in a four-stroke-cycle is
open), a smaller amount of fuel-air
mixture is admitted.
Hence, with less fuel-air mixture, less
power per power stroke is produced
compared to the power produced in
a four-stroke cycle engine of like size
operating at the same speed and under
the same conditions.
GASOLINE ENGINES VERSUS
DIESEL ENGINES
Mechanically and in overall appearance,
gasoline and diesel engines resemble
one another. However, many parts of
the diesel engine are designed to be
somewhat heavier and stronger to
withstand the higher temperatures and
pressures the engine generates.
The engines differ also in the fuel used,
in the method of introducing it into the
cylinders, and in how the air-fuel
mixture is ignited. In the gasoline
engine, we first mix air and fuel in the
carburetor. After this mixture is
compressed in the cylinders, it is
ignited by an electrical
spark from the spark plugs. The source
of the energy producing the electrical
spark may be a storage battery or a
high-tension magneto.
The diesel engine has no carburetor. Air
alone enters its cylinders, where it is
compressed and reaches a high
temperature because of compression.
The heat of compression ignites the
fuel injected into the cylinder and
causes the fuel-air mixture to burn.
The diesel engine needs no spark
plugs; the very contact of the diesel
fuel with the hot air
in the cylinder causes ignition.
In the gasoline engine the heat of
compression is not enough to ignite
the air-fuel mixture; therefore, spark
plugs are necessary.