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Dr. Khatri Mahavidyalaya, Tukum, Chandrapur: Topic-Counters (Nuclear Chemistry)
Dr. Khatri Mahavidyalaya, Tukum, Chandrapur: Topic-Counters (Nuclear Chemistry)
KHATRI MAHAVIDYALAYA,
TUKUM, CHANDRAPUR
Ku – SAMINA S. SAYYAD
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ku. SAMINA FIRDOS
SAYYAD is bonafide student of Dr. Khatri
Mahavidyalaya Tukum Chandrapur has
successfully completed seminar work titled
“Counters(Nuclear Chemistry)” in partial
fulfillment of requirement completion of
practical course in Master of Science in
Miss Khushi Kose Chemistry of Gondwana University, Dr. Sharayu. S. Katkamwar
Assistant Professor Gadchiroli. Head Department of Chemistry
Dr. Khatri Mahavidyalaya Dr. Khatri Mahavidyalaya
Tukum, Tukum, Chandrapur
Chandrapur
Dr. KHATRI MAHAVIDYALAYA,
TUKUM, CHANDRAPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE
Seminar on topic –
“Counter(Nuclear Chemistry)”
Nuclear Counter instruments are used to check both the environment and specific items for
Radioactivity. It is a radiation detector which measures a count rate but does not perform
energy spectrum analysis.
Every time a particle of radiation is detected, the counter records and the total number of
particles recorded over a period of time indicates the amount of radiation present.
Typically this is done over one minute intervals, resulting in "counts per minute" or CPM.
Higher CPM equals increased radiation levels.
Counters are of 4 types :
They are referred to as gas detectors because the signal is produced when charged particles ionize
the gas in the detection chamber
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If the gas is neon (the most common gas in a GM detector), the positive member of each ion pair is
a neon ion (Ne+) while the negative member of the pair is a freed electron (e-). If the detector gas is
air, the positive member of the ion pair is usually a positively charged nitrogen molecule (N2+) and
ADVANTAGE
1. Requires less voltage
2. Detect Neutron when gas will be replaced with BF₃
3. Detect high ionizing power particles.
4. Detect α particles when gas filled is H₂ .
LIMITATION
5. It cannot detect on low ionizing particle
6. When detect one particle, it require time for another.
Proportional Counters
The proportional counter is a gaseous ionization detector device used to count particles of
ionizing radiation.
It has the ability to measure the energy of incident radiations and it is widely used between alpha
and beta particles.
It operates at lower potential difference such that the magnitude of discharge is directly
proportional to the number of gas molecules ionized by the detected particle.
They are used for neutron detection, and to some extent for x-ray spectroscopy.
In a proportional counter, the filled gas of the chamber is an inert gas which is ionised by incident
radiation.
An ionizing particle entering the gas collides with a molecule of the inert gas and ionises it to
produce an electron and a positively charged atom called “ion pair”.
As the charged particle travels through the chamber it leaves a trail of ion pairs along its trajectory.
Typically a 1 MeV stopped particle will create about 30,000 ion pairs.
The chamber geometry and the applied voltage is such that in most of the chamber the electric field
strength is low and the chamber acts as an ion chamber.
ADVANTAGE
This Counter is capable of detecting high ionizing & low ionizing charged particle .
LIMITATIONS
In proportional counter gas amplification factor (M) depends on applied voltage and this applied
voltage must be maintained with the narrow limits .
Geiger-Muller Counters(GM Counters)
Applications:
Particle detection: Detection of alpha and beta particles.
Gamma and X-ray detection: Detection of gamma radiation and windowless tube is used.
ADVANTAGE
It can count nuclear radiations - α , β
Pulse Height is good
DISADVANTAGE
It can act slow.
Neutron particles cannot be counted.
Scintillation Counter
LIMITATIONS :
3. Large number of radiations are wasted as the source is kept outside the metal box.
4. The instrument is costly.