 Compound in one homolog series resembles.

This
resemblance property in one equal homolog series is
due to the structure similarity. Each homolog series has
typical atomic group. That atomic group differentiates
one homolog series to another. The atomic group that
becomes typical of any homolog series is called
function group

 Function Group is atomic group in molecule that

determines feature of property of any compound
1. Carbon Compound Reaction

In carbon compound found three

reactions, there are :
– Substitution Reaction
– Addition Reaction
– Elimination Reaction
Substitution Reaction
 Substitution reaction is replacement reaction of
any atom or function group with others atom or
function group.
Example :
Addition Reaction
 Addition Reaction happen, if carbon compound
which have double carbon bond severed one of
it double bond for putted by atom or group.
Example :
Elimination Reaction

 Elimination Reaction is reaction that involve liberating

ion, atom or group.
Example :
2. The Function of Function
Group

• Function group can determines

property of any compound

• Function group is the part that active

react with other compounds
 Function Group Compound
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Ether
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylate Acid
Ester
Function Group of Carbon Compounds

Compound General Function Function Example

Group Formula Group Group
Formula
Haloalkane R - X Halide -X CH3Cl
Alcohol R - OH Hydroxyl - OH CH3CH2OH
Ether R’ - OR Alkoxy - OR CH3OCH3
Aldehyde O Carbonyl O CH3CHO
ΙΙ ΙΙ
R-C-H -C-
Compound General Function Function Example
Group Formula Group Group
Formula
Ketone O Carbonyl O CH3COCH3
ΙΙ ΙΙ
R’ - C - R -C-
Carboxylate O Carboxyl O CH3COOH
Acid ΙΙ ΙΙ
R - C - OH -C-O-

Ester O Carboxyl O CH3COOCH3

ΙΙ ΙΙ
R’ - C - OR -C-O-
• Haloalkane is alkane derivative compound with one of its
atom changed by halogen atom

• Haloalkane is also called alkyl halide

• If one H atom in alkane is changed by halogen atom, is known

as monohaloalkane

• Based on total H atom in alkane that change by halogen atom,

is known as dihaloalkane, trihaloalkane, and tetrahaloalkane
 Haloalkane Nomenclature
In general, haloalkane nomenclature is as
follows:
1. Halogen name is written as prefix by fluro term if binds flourine
group (-F), chloro if binds chlorine group (-Cl), bromo if binds
bromine group (-Br), or iodo if binds iodine group (-I) or
F < Cl < Br < I

2. If bonds more than one halogen group in similar type, is expressed by

prefix di, tri, and so on

3. If there is branched alkyl chain, halogen name is preceded

Example
 CH3Cl
>> Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)

 CH2Cl2
>> Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)

 CHCl3
>> Tri-chloromethane (chloroform)

 CCl4
>> Tetra-chloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)
Example
 CH2-CH2
Ι Ι (1,2 dibromopropane)
Cl Cl
 CH-CH-CH-CH2
Ι Ι (3-methyl-2-chlorobutane)
Cl Cl
 CH3-CH-CH-CH-CH2-CH3
Ι Ι Ι (4-methyl-2,3-
dichlorohexane)
Cl Cl CH3
 Haloalkane Properties

• Most haloalkana compound is insoluble in water, but

soluble in organic

• In addition to fluorine, halogen atomic mass is heavier

than hydrogen and carbon atoms

• The more the halogen atom is bonded by carbon, the

greater the molecule mass is resulted

• Addition of molecular mass causes boiling point

elevation and density
Reaction Identification of Function Group in
Haloalkane

 Substitution Reaction
Substitution reaction is replacement reaction of
any atom, ion or function group with others atom,
ion or group. In subtitution reaction of haloalkane,
other atom or group replaces halogen atom.
 Elimination Reaction
If haloalkane is reacted with stronge base, elimination
reaction occurs. In the reaction, a molecule loses atom or
ion from the structure. Product from haloalkane
elimination reaction is an alkane. H dan X atoms in
elimination reaction exit from haloalkane. Therefore,
elimination reaction is also called dehydrohalogenation
reaction (prefix de means minus or lost)

H2O + Cl-
1. Chloroform (CHCl3)
– Chloroform can be used as anasthesia, but it may interfere
cardiovascular system and kidney.
– Chloroform in room temperature has liquid form, fragrant
smell, volatile, flamamble, soluble in organic solvent and
insoluble in water.
– The more safe haloalkane is used for anesthetic is
2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-tri uoroethane that give name
halotan.

2. Iodoform (CHI3)
– Iodoform is yellow solid substance, typical odour, and has
effect to paralyze respiration nerve.
– Iodoform is used to identify ethanol/acetone in any substance.
In medical area, iodoform is mostly used as antiseptic.
3. Tetrachloride Carbon (CCl4)
– Tetrachloride carbon can be used for fire extinguisher.
– However, at the high temperature, CCl4 can react with vapour
water to create phosgene gas (COCl2)

4. Freon (CFC) = Chlorofluorocarbon

– Freon is colourless gas, odourless, inflammable, and non-
poisonous.
– Freon gas is used as cooler matter at refrigerator and AC and for
filling sprayer tub (as propeller gas, propellant).
– Freon gas can react with ozone (O3) on earth atmosphere layer so
that can destroy ozone layer. If ozone layer decreases (damaged),
it will be most dangerous because sunshine that contains
ultraviolet can direct hit the living creature.

5. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
– DDT is strongest pesticide and durable.
– DDT can result in soil and water contamination.