Types Of Foundations

THE FOUNDATIONS

The foundation is the structural

part of the building, responsible
for transmitting the loads to the
ground, this is the only element
that we cannot choose, so the
foundation will be made based on
it.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

Shallow foundations:
Are those that rest on the surface
layers of the soil and that are
capable of supporting the load
received from the construction by
means of the base extension.
Cyclopean foundation:
In cohesive soils where the
trench can be made with
vertical parameters and
without landslides, the
cyclopean concrete
foundation is simple and
inexpensive.
Reinforced concrete
foundations:
Reinforced concrete foundations
are used in all terrains, although
concrete is a heavy material.
Rolled foundations:
It is used to adequately
transmit the loads
provided by the load-
bearing wall structures. It
is also used for cementing
fence walls, gravity
retaining walls, etc.
Footing foundation:
The footings can be made of
mass or reinforced concrete,
with a square or rectangular
plan, as well as the
foundations of vertical
supports belonging to
building structures.
Floating foundation:
When the bearing capacity of
the soil is very small and the
weight of the building is
important, in this case it is
possible to build a foundation
that floats on the ground.
Deep foundations:
Deep foundations are
responsible for
transmitting the loads they
receive from a construction
to deeper resistant mantles.
Those that transmit the
load to the ground by
pressure under its base are
deep.
Pile foundation:
Piles are necessary when the
surface layer or bearing soil is
not capable of supporting the
weight of the building or when
it is at great depth; also when
the ground is full of water and
this makes excavation work
difficult.
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Structural Design is one of

the areas where Civil
Engineering is developed,
it can offer as well as its
natural characteristics that
make it specific.
A wide variety of alternative shapes
and arrangements can be used in
multi-story steel structures to provide
the benefits of:
• Economy.
• Shallow floor construction.
• Integration of services.
• Flexible floor, without columns.
• Reduced bases.
• Quick construction on site.
 ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP THE STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
The structural design consists of the
following elements:
A. Structuring
When required, a preliminary
structuring will be made, proposing the
location and dimensions of the
structural elements that allow to refine
an architectural project.
B. Analysis
This will be done with computer
programs that use the method of
rigidities, and provide us with
displacements and mechanical
elements.
C. Design
Based on the mechanical elements
of the analysis, the dimensions are
provided
D. Drawing
E. Calculation Memory
Descriptive calculation memory of
the structure is made mentioning
dead and live loads used.
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS

Design by means of models

It is recommended in the
design of structural
elements of a very complex
shape that are not easy to
analyze by means of the
usual mathematical models.
Resistance method or method of
load factors and resistance
reduction or plastic theory

The sections are dimensioned in

such a way that their resistance to
the various work actions to which
they may be subjected is equal to
those actions multiplied by load
factors, according to the desired or
specified degree of safety.
Methods based on borderline analysis

In this criterion, the mechanical

elements corresponding to the collapse
resistance of the structure are
determined (formation of enough
plastic joints to reach the total failure of
the structure). A plastic structural
analysis is done.
Probabilistic methods
The main limitations that
currently exist are that there is
not enough information on the
variations both of the stresses that
must be considered as the
resistance of the materials and of
the structures built with it.
 Structural Design Principles

Security
Safety is determined by controlling
excessive deformations that force it
to be taken out of service or the
breakage or separation of some of
its parts or of the whole assembly.
One of the safety conditions,
stability, can be checked by means
of Newton's laws of equilibrium.
Functionality
The structure must be kept in
operation during its useful life
for the stress loads. A bridge
that presents excessive
deformations would give the
feeling of insecurity and
people would stop using it, at
that moment it ceases to be
functional.
Economy
The use of resources
determines a challenge for
structural design.
In economics, the creativity
of the engineer is combined
with his knowledge
GRACIAS!