Research Methodology &

Biostatistics

PRESENTED BY:
NARENDRA SINGH
INVESTIGATOR (STATISTICS)
RRIUM, BHADRAK (ODISHA)
Research???
 Research is a careful enquiry or examination
in seeking facts or principles, a diligent
investigation to ascertain something.
Research Methodology
 Research methodology simply refers to the
methods we use to conduct an investigation.
 What is Statistics?
 Statistics is a science and art which deals
with collection, classification, tabulation,
interpretation of data and making
inferences and drawing conclusions from
numerical data.
 Some Definition are given below:
• According to Croxton and Cowden:
Statistics may be defined as the science of
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data.
• According to Boddington: Statistics is the
science of estimates and probabilities.
 BIOSTATISTICS
• Biostatistics is the branch of applied
statistics responsible for the proper
interpretation of scientific data generated in
the biology, public health and other health
sciences (i.e., the biomedical sciences).
It is generally used to refer recorded data such
as: no. of patient attending in this institute,
no. of road accidents, etc.
 DATA
Data is a collection of facts, such as values or
measurements. It can be numbers, words,
measurements, observations or even just
descriptions of things.

 The word data is plural & datum is

singular.
 Types of Statistical data
Two types of statistical data:
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
 Primary Data

It is the data collected by a particular person or

organization for his or her own use from the
primary sources.

Method of Collecting Primary Data

Direct personal observation
Indirect oral investigation
Investigation through schedules
Through questionnaires
 Secondary Data
It is the data collected by some other person
for his on her own use but the investigator
can also it.
Sources of Secondary Data
Census data
Published official report
Journal and Newspaper
Local Government publication
University and Research Institute
publication.
The term data refers to Qualitative
(Categorical) or Quantitative (Numerical)
attributes of variable or set of variables.
Qualitative (Categorical) Data : Measuring
a characteristic for which there is no natural
numerical scale (cannot be measured
numerically).
Example:
Gender (Male/Female),
Marital status (Married/Unmarried)
Types of Scale in Qualitative (Categorical)
Data:
Nominal Data:
Ordinal Data (Ranking Scale):
Nominal Data: To classify characteristics of
people, object or event into categories.

Example:
Gender (Male/Female),
Marital Status (Married/Unmarried)
Eye Colour (Black/Broun), etc.
Ordinal Data (Ranking Scale): Characteristics
can be put into ordered categories.
Example:
Social Economic status (Low/ Middle / High),
Level of education ((Low/ Middle / High),
Income group (Low/ Middle / High), etc.
Quantitative (Numerical) Data: There is a
natural numeric scale (can be measured
numerically).
Example:
Age, Height, Weight etc.
Tow types of Quantitative (Numerical)
Data:
Discrete Data:
Continuous Data:
Discrete Data: Values of observation can be
counted (1, 2, 3,…) and are distinct and
separate.
Example:
Number of children in a family,
Number of plant in agricultural field,
Number of person in this room, etc.
Continuous Data: Value or observation may
take on any value within a finite or infinite
interval (Rang or Interval). Continuous data
can assume either integer or fractional
values.
Example:
Height (167.3 cm) , Weight (68.5 kg), etc.
Types of Scale in Quantitative (Numerical):

1. Interval
2. Ratio
Interval:-
Equal distance between each interval.
Example:
1,2,3….
Temperature (37º C, 38º C…)
Ratio:-
Similar to interval scale, but has true zero
point.
Example:
Weight (100 kg is ½ of 200),
Sex Ratio (978 females for each 1000 male)
 FLOW CHART

Data

Types
of Qualitative Quantitative
variables or categorical Or Numerical

Nominal Ordinal Discrete Continuous

(not ordered) (ordered) (count data) (real-valued)
e.g. Sex e.g. response to e.g. No of e.g. height
(Male/Female) treatment children in a
family

Measurement Scales
 Application of Biostatistics
1. In Physiology & Anatomy
 Define limits of normality in variables (Pulse
rate, BP)
 Find difference between means (Mean height
of Gujarat boys < Mean height of boys in
Punjab)
 Correlation between height and weight
2. In Pharmacology
 Find action of a drug
 Compare two drugs
3. In Medicine
• Compare two treatment modalities.
• Compare the efficacy of a particular drug,
operations or line of treatment.
• Association between two attributes such as
filariasis and social class.
4. In Community Medicine and Public
Health
 Test usefulness of vaccines (attack rates)
 Role of causative factors in disease
Uses of Biostatistics
 Leading causes of death
 Important causes of sickness
 Rise and Fall of particular disease
 Age and sex composition of population
 Levels or standards of health reached
Thank
you