Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Debt Underwriting and Bonds
Debt Underwriting and Bonds
bonds
1
• A bond is an instrument issued for a period of
more than one year with the purpose of raising
capital by borrowing
2
Role of investment banks
Issuer:
-Government Underwriter INVESTORS
-Company
3
Charateristics of bonds
1. Maturity date: The date the issuer repays the face amount to the
bondholder
5
• Callable bond: A call provision allows the issuer to
repurchase the bond at a fixed price
6
Pricing of bonds
Zero coupon bonds
M
P
(1 r ) n
• For a given M, the higher is r the lower the price P
7
Coupon paying bonds
C1 C2 Cn M
P 2
...
(1 y ) (1 y ) (1 y ) n
C 1 M
P 1 n
y (1 y ) (1 y ) n
C (100 P ) / n
y
(100 2 P) / 3
9
Extension to continuous compounding
C1 C2 C2 n M
P 2
... 2n
(1 y / 2) (1 y / 2) (1 y / 2)
10
YTM and coupon rate
11
British government securities
12
Pricing
Auction Tender
14
US treasury bonds
15
Price quotes in the UK
17
Cum-dividend bond sale
18
Corporate bonds
19
• Usually more risky than government bonds
20
21
Differences with governement bonds:
1. Collateral
22
2. Covenants
23
Underwriting spread
• The lead underwriter gets 20% of the fee while the syndicate
members get the remaining 80%.
• Evidence that the credit quality of the issuer, and the risk faced by
underwriter increase the spread.
24
Call provision
• The call price is above the bond’s value. The difference between
the call price and the face value is the call premium
25
Example:
What is the price of the bond if it is callable, and the call price of $1020?
What should the coupon of the callable bond be to equal the price of
the callable to the price of the non callable bond?
26
Why do companies issue callable bonds?
27
Convertible bonds
A call provision allows the company to repurchase the Definition: A
convertible bond gives the holder the right to exchange it
for a given number of shares anytime up to and including the maturity
date of the bond.
28
Example
Because the face value of the bond was $1,000, the conversion price
was $43.47.
When Oceandoor issued its convertible bonds, its common stock was
trading at $22.625 per share. The conversion price was 92% higher.
This 92% is referred to as the conversion premium.
29
Example
30
The value of convertible bonds:
Stock price
31
2. Conversion value: what the bond would be worth if it were
immediately converted
45 degree line
Stock price
32
3. Option value: Holders need not convert immediately and can
wait for the price to rise further. The option to wait has value.
Stock price
33
Conflict between convertible bondholders and managers
A call option gives the owner the right to buy an asset at a fixed price
during a particular time period.
The value of call options increase with time and risk of firm’s
cashflows.
37
38
39
The term structure
of interest rates
40
The yield curve
41
• The term strucs how interest rates vary with yield to
maturity.
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Years to maturity
42
Key questions
43
Forward rates
• What does this tell you about the future spot rates?
44
r2 10%
r1 9% f12 ?
45
• The price of the 2-year bond should be such that
investors are indifferent between the two alternatives.
46
• Forward rate: future spot rate implied by the yield curve
(1 r2 ) 2 (1 r1 )(1 f12 )
(1 r2 ) 2
1 f12 1.11009
(1 r1 )
• Hence,
f12 11 %
47
r2 10%
r1 9% f12 11 %
48
With three periods
(1 r3 ) 3 (1 r2 ) 2 (1 f 23 )
(1 r3 ) 3
1 f 23
(1 r2 ) 2
49
With n periods
(1 rm 1 ) m 1
1 f m ,m 1
(1 rm ) m
50
Future contracts
At t=0 you agree to buy at t=1 a bond for £100 that pays
£111 at t=2. This is a future contract on a bond.
51
Interpreting the yield curve: The pure
expectations hypothesis
53
Informativity of the yield curve
55
Term structure of credit risk
56
• Callp01 the probability of repayment for the corporate
BBB bond.
• Risk neutral investors would be indifferent between the
two bonds if:
(1 r1 )
p01 (1 rc1 ) (1 r1 ) p01 0.982
(1 rc1 )
57
• In reality, bondholders recover a fraction of the bond
value when a company defaults. Let us denote the
fraction of the bond value that is recovered.
rc1spread,
• The credit r1
, is lower the higher is
58
• Call p12 the probability of no default between years 1
and 2.
1 p01 p12 5%
59