First Aid and

CPR
 Objectives

• To be able to assess emergency situation

• Understand the ABCDS of emergency
• React procedure to emergency
• Practice First AID procedures
• Practice CPR procedures
• Learn different techniques to react for
Chocking, shock, bleeding, Fractures…etc
 Securing the scene
Before performing any First Aid,
Check for:

1. Electrical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3.Toxic gases
4. Ground hazards
5. Fire
6. Unstable equipment
 Chain of Survival
:In order for a person to survive

Early Access Early CPR or Early Early Advanced

EMS First Aid Defibrillation Care
999,998,997..etc You
EMS on scene Hospital
Pay attention to:
HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanders
SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell you
SIGNS; what you can see for yourself
 4 W’s Rule

When alerting the EMS, you need to specify:

- Who? Your name and phone number

- What? What emergency are you reporting
- Where? Where it happened
- When? When it Happened
 Universal Precautions for airborne &
Blood born Pathogens

HIV & Hepatitis

Gloves & Respiratory
Barrier devices are a
must to prevent
transmission of diseases
Tuberculosis/ TB
Bacterial infection in the lungs
 Universal Precautions for airborne &
Blood born Pathogens
DURING TREATMENT
· Avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the victim’s breathing
area.
· Avoid contact with body fluids
· Use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve when doing active
resuscitation
· Use only clean bandages and dressings
· Avoid treating more than one casualty without washing hands and
changing gloves
AFTER TREATMENT
· Clean up both casualty and yourself
· Clean up the immediate vicinity
· Dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and soiled clothing
correctly
· Wash hands with soap and water
 Fundamentals of First Aid

Activate EMS System “997”

1. CAB (compression-airway-breathing)
2. Control bleeding
3. Treat for Shock (medical emergencies)
4. Open wounds & Burns
5. Fractures & Dislocations
6. Transportation
Causes of Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest

Electrical
Toxic -
Noxious
gases
Drowning
Suffocation

Trauma
Heart Attack

Allergic reactions

Drugs
 C-A-B

Establish
• Use chin responsiveness
lift/head tilt

Give 30
Compressions

Attempt to Ventilate

Check pulse Recovery position

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPR
 Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

• Should be certified to perform this procedure

• If done improperly, could harm victim

Choking Treatment
 Airway Obstructions

open

closed
Tongue

obstructed
 Heimlich Maneuver for
Conscious Airway Obstruction
Serious Bleeding
Treatment
 Types of Bleeding

Artery Spurting

Veins Steady flow

Capillary
Internal Injuries
Oozing
 Control of Bleeding
1- Direct Pressure: Apply
pressure directly with a
bandage on the wound
to close it

Pressure bandage: use a

pressure bandage and
tighten the wound
Elevation: Lift the -2
wounded part above the
body to reduce the flow
of blood in that part
 Pressure Points
3- Pressure Points : Where the
artery passes over a bone
close to the skin
 Tourniquet The Last Resort

Absolute last resort in controlling

bleeding, Remember Life or the
limb

Once a tourniquet is applied,

it is not to be removed , only
by a doctor
How to manage Internal Bleeding?
• Lay the patient down with the
head low. Raise his legs using
pillows.
• Keep the patient calm and relaxed
with reassurance. Do not allow the
patient to move.
• Maintain the body heat with
blankets, rugs or coats.
• Do not give anything to eat.
• Do not apply hot water bottles or
ice bags to the chest or abdomen.
This may make things worse.
• Arrange for the patient to be
transported to a hospital as soon
as possible.
 Shock Management
Shock and Shock Management:
What is Shock: Shock is a condition where blood pressure and Oxygen
delivery to the blood is too low, which should be treated as top priority,
second only attending to obstructed breathing, stoppage of the heart or
severe bleeding.
Some examples where to expect a shock:
Severe Bleeding: The greater the loss of blood, the greater the risk of
developing shock.
Heart Attacks: Obstructed blood supply to the heart and failure of the
function of the heart can produce shock.
Severe burns: Extensive areas of the burnt skin surface can produce
shock.
Severe Bacterial Infections: Discharge of toxins produced by the bacteria
into the blood stream can produce shock.
Excessive Loss of Body Fluids: Diarrhea, vomiting etc. can produce shock.
Crush Injuries: Injuries following explosions, building collapses etc., can
produce shock.
 Treatment for Shock
• Lie victim down on their back if possible
• Face is pale-raise the legs
• Face is red-raise the head
• Loosen tight clothing but don’t take off
• Keep victim warm and dry
• don’t rub the body with anything
• Do not give anything by mouth
• No stimulants
• Transport the patient quickly to the hospital.

Remember that in shock a delay of even a few minutes

may mean death. So attend to the patient as quickly as possible.
Heat Exhaustion
Treatment
 HEAT EXHAUSTION
HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by exertion accompanied by heat and
high humidity.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
· Pale, clammy skin
· Profuse and prolonged sweating
· Cramps in the limbs and/or abdomen
· Nausea and/or vomiting
· Headache
CARE AND TREATMENT
· Complete rest in the shade, no further exertion
· Cool casualty by sponging with tepid water
· When nausea passes, give cool water to drink (cautiously)
· Ensure casualty has assistance when recovered
Heat Stroke
Treatment
 HEAT STROKE
Heat stroke is potentially fatal. In this condition, the body's
temperature regulation center in the brain has been rendered
inoperable, and the temperature continually rises, causing
eventual brain damage. Immediate active intervention is
necessary to avoid coma and death.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Flushed, hot, dry skin the casualty has ceased sweating rapid,
strong pulse (sometimes irregular) irrational or aggressive
behavior staggering gait, visual disturbances vomiting, collapse
and seizures , coma - death
CARE AND TREATMENT
Urgent ambulance transport complete rest in shade remove
casualty's clothing cool casualty with any means possible. Be
prepared to resuscitate as required. Give nothing by mouth.
Administered by a doctor or ambulance crew
Diabetic Treatment
 Diabetic Emergencies
Find out if victim has past diabetic history
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
Result of insufficient sugar.
Symptoms: Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse,
incoherent
Treatment: Give sugar bases products, Chocolates, Cubes..etc

Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)

Too much sugar or insufficient insulin
Symptoms: Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten fruit
on breath
Action: True medical emergency, activate EMS system immediately
Fractures Treatment
 Fractures & Dislocations

Don’t straighten break

Must treat for bleeding first Treat the way you found it

Do not push
bones back
into place
 Dislocations
The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow,
finger, or thumb.
LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:
1. Swelling
2. Deformed look
3. Pain and tenderness
4. Possible discoloration of the affected area
IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...
1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.
2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow blood flow to the area
3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back
into its socket.
 Splints
Must be a straight line break Can be formed to shape of
deformity

Be careful of temperature
change
Neck and Spinal injury
Treatment
Neck & Spinal Injuries
CARE AND TREATMENT
· CAB
· Extreme care in initial
examination — minimal
movement
· Urgent ambulance transport
· Treat for shock
· Treat any other injuries
· Maintain body heat
· If movement required, 'log roll'
and use assistants
· Always maintain casualty's head
in line with the shoulders
 Lifting techniques

Two person carry

Lift & roll

4 person straddle
 Summary
• In the case of emergency you need to:
1. STOP
2. Assess the situation
3. ALERT EMS
4. Protect your self first
5. CPR should be performed till the EMS
arrives
Q&A