Symmetrical component

Balanced Three-phase Systems

From Network to Single-phase Equivalent Circuit

Power plant Transformer Switching Line Load

station

Three-phase system

Single-line diagram

Equivalent single-phase circuit

 Balanced Three-phase Systems
•A three-phase system can be analyzed by means of a single-phase
equivalent when:

– The source voltages are balanced or symmetrical

– The electrical parameters of the system are

symmetrical

– The loads are balanced

•Three-phase quantities can be determined from single phase voltages

and currents when symmetry is assumed between phases.
 Balanced and Unbalanced faults
•Balanced Cases
– three-phase fault
– (symmetrical) load flow

•Unbalanced Cases
– Single line to ground fault
– Line to line fault
– Double line to ground fault
– (unsymmetrical load flow)
Analyzing unbalanced system using Fortescue’s
Theorem

– Unbalanced faults in power systems

require a phase by phase solution
method or other techniques.
– One of the most useful techniques to
deal with unbalanced networks is the
“symmetrical component” method,
developed in 1918 by C.L. Fortescue.
 Symmetrical Components

:Reasons for use of symmetrical components•

Unbalanced systems are difficult to handle –
several independent balanced systems are >-•
.easier to handle than one unbalanced system

Transformation of one unbalanced 3-phase system –

.into 3 balanced 3-phase systems
for each system only one phase has to be >-•
considered
Analyzing unbalanced system using Fortescue’s Theorem

Any three unbalanced set of voltages or currents

can be resolved into three balanced systems of
voltages or currents, referred to as the system
symmetrical components, defined as follows:
Positive Sequence components: three phasors of equal
magnitude displaced 120 degrees from each other
following the positive sequence
Negative Sequence components: three phasors of
equal magnitude displaced 120 degrees of each other
following the negative sequence
Zero Sequence components: three parallel phasors
having equal magnitude and angle
For a 3-ph system: 3 unbalanced phasors can be resolved
into 3 balanced systems of 3 phasors each
 Let Va, Vb, Vc be the Phase voltages
 According to Fortescue, these can be
transformed into
1. Positive-seq. voltages: Va1, Vb1, Vc1
2. Negative-seq. voltages: Va2, Vb2, Vc2
3. zero-sequence voltages: Va0, Vb0, Vc0
Thus, Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0
Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0
Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0
 Vc1
Va1
Va2
Va1 Va0
Vb1
Vc Va

Vb2 Vb

Va2
Vc2

Va0 Vb0 Vc0

 The ‘a’ operator
a = 1<1200 = -0.5 + j 0.866 a -a2
a I rotates I by 1200 -1 1

a2 = 1<2400 = -0.5 – j 0.866 -a

a 2

a3 = 1<3600 = 1<00 = 1 + j 0
1 + a + a2 = 0
 From previous figures

Vb1 = a2Va1 Vc1 = a Va1

Vb2 = a Va2 Vc2 = a2 Va2
Vb0 = Va0 Vc0 = Va0
sub. in Eq. (Slide 8) we get:
Thus, Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2Va2
 Matrix Relations
Let va   va0  1 1 1
Vp =  vb  ; Vs =  v a1  ; A = 1 a 2 a 
 vc   va2  1 a a 2 

1 1 1 
and inverse of A is A-1 = 31 1 a a2 
1 a2 a 
 Matrix Relations

 va  1 1 1  va 0 
v   1 a 2 a  v 
 b   a1 
 vc  1 a a 
2
va 2 

Similarly currents can be obtained using their

symmetrical components
 Matrix Relations
Vp = A Vs; Vs = A-1Vp

Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)

Va1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc)
 Matrix Relations

 va 0  1 1 1 va 
v   1  2 v 
 a1  3 1 a a   b
va 2  1 a 2
a   vc 
 Numerical Example
1. The line currents in a 3-ph 4 –wire system are
Ia = 100<300 ; Ib = 50<3000 ; Ic = 30<1800. Find the
symmetrical components and the neutral
current.
Solution :
Ia0 = 1/3(Ia + Ib + Ic) = 27.29 < 4.70 A
Ia1 = 1/3(Ia + a Ib + a2Ic) = 57.98 < 43.30 A
Ia2 = 1/3(Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic) = 18.96 < 24.90 A
In = Ia + Ib + Ic = 3 Ia0 = 81.87 <4.70 A
 Numerical Example
2. The sequence component voltages of phase
voltages of a 3-ph system are: Va0 = 100 <00 V;
Va1 = 223.6 < -26.60 V ; Va2 = 100 <1800 V.
Determine the phase voltages.
Solution:

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = 223.6 <-26.60 V

Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2 = 213 < -99.90 V
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2 Va2 = 338.6 < 66.20 V
 Numerical Example
3. The two seq. components and the
corresponding phase voltage of a 3-ph system
are Va0 =1<-600 V; Va1=2<00 V ; & Va = 3 <00 V.
Determine the other phase voltages.
Solution:
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
 Va2 = Va – Va0 – Va1 = 1 <600 V
Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2 = 3 < -1200 V
Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2 Va2 = 0 V
 Numerical Example
4. Determine the sequence components if
Ia =10<600 A; Ib = 10<-600 A ; & Ic = 10 <1800 A.

Solution:
Ia0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) =0A
Ia1 = 1/3 (Ia + a Ib + a2Ic) = 10<600 A
Ia2 = 1/3 (Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic) = 0 A

Thus, If the phasors are balanced, Two

Sequence components will be zero.
Ia Ia

Ib
 Numerical Example
5. Determine the sequence components if
Va = 100 <300 V; Vb = 100 <1500 V ; and
Vc = 100 <-900 V.
Solution:
Va0 = 1/3(Va + Vb + Vc) = 0 V
Va1 = 1/3(Va + a Vb + a2Vc) = 0 V
Va2 = 1/3(Va + a2 Vb + a Vc) = 100<300 V
Observation: If the phasors are balanced, Two
sequence components will be zero.
Three phase power in symmetrical components

 S = VpT Ip* = [A Vs]T[A Is]*

= VsT AT A* Is* = 3 VsTIs*
= 3Va0 Ia0* + 3Va1 Ia1* + 3Va2 Ia2*
note that AT = A
, Problem: Va0 = 30 with -300 V •
Va1 = 450 with 00 V, Va2 = 225 with
, V, Iao = 10 with 1900 A 400
Ia1 = 6 with 200 A, Ia2 = 5 with
A. Determine the complex power by 500
symmetrical components and unbalanced
.phase components
Solution: Complex power with symmetrical •
components
*S3ph= 3 Va0.Ia0* + 3 Va1.Ia1*+ 3 Va2.Ia2
VA )j 2777.9 – 10245.78( =
The phase voltages are
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
V )j 129.62+ 648.34( =
Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 +Vb2
Va0+a2Va1 + a Va2 =
)j327.75– 410.45-( =
Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2
Va0 + a Va1 +a2 Va2 =
)j 153.13+ 159.95-( =
the phase currents are
Ia = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
j 4.146 + 1- =

Ib = Ia0 + a2 Ia1 + a Ia2

j 6.777– 15.814 =

Ic = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a2 Ia2

j 2.578– 12.73- =
The complex 3 ph. Power
*Va.Ia* +Vb.Ib* + Vc.Ic =
j2778.3 –10239.2 =