Illumination Engineering

15EE019
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Language of Light,Lighting and Accessories
Eye and Vision I
General Objectives:

● Able to understand the basic structure of Eye and vision I.

Specific Objectives
● Identify similarity between eye and camera
● List the nerve system responsible for adaptation of eye.
● State the purpose of good lighting.
● List factors responsible for visibility and acuity.
● Define Purkinjee effect.
Eye analogous Camera
 Important parts of a human eye:
• Iris / Pupil:Diaphragm that regulates
Structure of an Eye amount of light by expanding
contracting with the control by ciliary
muscles.
• Lens :Focuses under the control of
ciliary muscles - onto the retina-
Crystalline in nature
• Retina: A screen like structure called
retina that is holding a lot of - optic
nerves – that communicate with the
brain.
• Fovea: Acute spot of vision where fine
details are formed.
• Retinal Nerve System: Rod cells and
cones cells
 Photopic Scotopic
Cone cells Rod cells
Discriminates fine details No Fine Discrimination
Transit Sharp images Lack sharp images,Silhouettes
Images
Densely packed on the fovea Packed away from the region
of fovea
Low sensitivity below <0.1 ft lamberts Sensitive <0.1ft lamberts
Ceases to function below <0.001 ft lamberts Rod cells starts to get maxima
luminosity
Pupil size Vs Light received
● Upon increase of intensity of illumination by decrease in the pupil size producing
clear images with greater and fine details.
● Pupil diameter 1.2-2mm.
Purkinjee effect
Error free and accommodate very well.

● Eye function at various level of illuminations by changing the pupil size along with
the retinal nervous system(rods and cone cells).

Large Dim light

Small High illumination

● Eye - unconscious to variations in light
annoyance/discomfort
● Human eye- A chromatic dispersive power little greater than water
● Near vision - Easy- blue
- Strenuous -red
● Far vision -Easy- red
-Strenuous - blue
Relationship of Eye opening to lens size, distance of object &
color of focus

● About 1m from the eye - no difference in accommodation-crucial illumination.

Pupil opening Object Lens focus

large distant flattened red

small near convex blue

Luminosity of Human Eye
Maxima sensitivity of

• Cone cells – 555 nm (yellowish green hue)

• Rod cells – 507 nm (bluish green)

What do u think a good lighting is all
about????
Good lighting

Seeing - Primary purpose of lighting to be borne in mind

●Prevention of defective vision

●Optimization of resources
●Improving conditions of visibility
Visibility ?? depends on what factors!!
Visibility
Visibility depends on –
• Size / details of object
• Level / quality of illumination
• Contrast / color
• Required/available time for observation

Visibility depends on – (Observer Issues)

• Efficacy of individual
• One’s eye defects
• Optical / physical fatigue (retinal and muscular)
• Distraction

Causes of fatigue –
• Rotating source
• Focusing muscles on the source of glare causes strain and fatigue
• Reading double impression -due to slipping of paper in press
• After a days work pupil is dilated- a nights rest offsets this fatigue
● Eye defect arise due to - Age
-Use
-Abuse
● Eye- ability to adjust to unnatural severe conditions -can cause long run injury
● Defective in vision- difference in size and location of images
-refractive errors
● Low retinal sensibility-large pupil-high illumination
????

★ Which is the most acute spot in human eye?

★ What are two types of visions?
★ Distinguish between Rod and Cones cells?
★ How does eye communicate with brain?
★ What is diameter of the pupil?
★ How does eye function under varying illumination
conditions?
Today Definitions….
Foot candela:
● A unit of illuminance (SI derived unit)
● The illumination produced by a source of one candle at a distance of one foot and equal to one lumen incident per
square foot.
Mean Horizontal Candle Power(M.H.C.P)
● Mean of candle power in all directions in the horizontal plane containing the
source of plane.

Mean Spherical Candle Power(M.S.C.P)

● Mean of candle power in all directions in the all plane from the source of
plane.
Eye and vision II
General Objectives:

● Able to understand the basic structure of Eye and vision II.

Specific objectives
● Visual acuity
● List the qualitative factors for visual acuity
● Acuity variations with other parameters
● Minimum illumination requirement for good visibility
● Chromatic aberration
Visual Criteria apart from illumination

● Visual acuity
● Visual efficiency
● Visual speed
● Visual health

Acuity

● Distinguish details depending on the brightness of the object

● Characteristics of light entering the eye
● Today - eye task - many -long duration- increased illumination
● More exacting the task -more illumination
● Apart from quantity- quality is also important
● Illumination - physiology -psychology
● Natural-Artificial-illumination characteristics are influenced by the physical
characteristics of objects or environment or the illuminating objects.
● Colour finishing of walls/ceilings etc.
Quality of light
● Glare
● Direction
● Distribution
● Composition
● Diffusion
Glare
By definition intense illumination on observer plane.
Diffusion and distribution
Direction and Composition
Illumination requirements for equal visibility
● >100ft candela or more
● Speed of retinal impression
● Nervous muscular tension
● Fatigue ocular muscles
● Normalcy of heart rate
● Normal rate of reading
● Maximal rate of reading
Visual Acuity vs Foot Candles & Contrast Sensitivity
Foot Candles vs. Nervous Muscular Tension
Foot candles vs. Frequency of blinking after 1 hr reading

Foot candles vs. Decrease in convergence after 1 hr reading

Illumination levels for different activities
Relationship between Visual Acuity and Background
brightness(Black object)
Relationship between Acuity vs. environmental
Surrounding Brightness
Relationship between Visual Acuity vs. Object Brightness
Age vs Vision
● Visual acuity reduces
● Decrease in pupil size
● Decrease in elasticity of pupil
● Decrease in flexibility of optic lens
● Decrease in adjustment of focal length leading to higher illumination
requirement for older people
Relationship between Brightness requirement vs. Age
Monochromatic light and acuity

● Distinct images on retina

● Details are distinguished well

Gaseous sources - Mercury - Sodium

Three primary colors-Red, Green, Blue

Combination - reduces acuity

Chromatic Aberration
It is the reduction in acuity due to combination of different colors. It occurs due to
the fact that the eye lens has different refractive power for different wavelength of
light.
?????
● Why is quantity as well as quality important for an illumination?
● What should be the minimum brightness for the surrounding?
● What are the three primary colors?
● How does ageing leads to loss of vision?
● What is chromatic aberration and why does it occur?
Light sources
General objective
● Understand the difference between natural and artificial light sources
● To gain knowledge on different Artificial light sources - types of lamps.
Specific Objective
● To understand the concepts of
■ Incandescent Lamp
■ Arc Discharge Lamp
Artificial Sources of light
Method of producing light by passing electricity is broadly divided in three
categories

● By temperature incandescence
○ Eg: Incandescence Tungsten filament(Temperature Radiators)
● By establishing an arc between carbon electrodes
○ Eg: Carbon arc lamp
● Discharge lamps;gas or vapour made luminous by electric discharge through
them
○ Eg: Sodium Vapour lamp
Incandescent Lamp
● Glass globe
○ Oxidation-convection currents- temperature radiations
● Filament
○ Tungsten
○ Carbon
○ Tantalum
Ageing of Lamp
● Evaporation of bulb causes bulb to blacken
● Evaporation makes the filament diameter - causes the luminous decrease
Working of Incandescent

● The principle of the carbon filament lamp is that light arises due to heating an
incandescent filament in the light source.
● As more power is fed to the filament, its temperature will increase and when the
temperature is high enough, the filament will start to glow.
● The higher the power, the hotter (thousands of degrees Centigrade) the filament will
be, and the whiter the light that is emitted.
● So, incandescent lamps operate in such way that the temperature is decisive for the
colour temperature.
● A slightly lower temperature is a less heavy loading of the lamp, which is the reason
why dimmed incandescent lamps often have a longer lifetime.
Advantages
● Direct operation on standard distribution voltage
● Operating unity power factor
● No effect on air surrounding temperature
● Availability in various shapes and shades
Halogen Lamps
Fall of life and efficiency of incandescent lamp - use of halogen vapour to restore the
evaporating tungsten back to the filament - chemical reaction (“REGENERATIVE
CYCLE”)
Arc Lamps
● Electric current is made to flow between two electrodes
● Resultant arc is being struck
● Arc maintains the current and produces high efficient luminous

TYPES:

● Carbon arc lamp

● Flame arc lamp
● Magnetic arc lamp
Carbon arc Lamp
● The carbon rods used with the A.C supply are same size as used with D.C supply.
● Rods- conditions- when A.C & D.C
● 3600 degree celsius
● A resistance is used to stabilize the arc current
● Uses:
○ Searching lights
○ Projection lamp
○ Special lamps used for flash cameras
Light sources II
Discharge Lamps
● An Electric current is passed through the gas or vapour which renders its luminous.
● Colour of discharge lamps -depends on the gas or vapour used.

Neon Orange red light

Mercury Blue

Sodium Orange yellow

Types of Discharge Lamps
➢ Colour of light produced same as the discharge through the gas or vapour
○ Eg:Sodium Discharge lamp

➢ The phenomenon of fluorescence

○ Eg: Fluorescent lamp
Demerit of Discharge lamp over Metal Filaments lamps

● High initial cost

● Poor power factor
● Requires starters
● Time needed to attain full brilliancy
● Stroboscopic effect
Sodium vapour lamp:
● Low luminosity-Large U Shaped
Tubes
● Oxide coated electrodes are sealed at
the ends
● Tubes contains Sodium and Neon gas
● Enclosed with the double walled
vacuum flask to keep the temperature
with the working range
Working:
● Before Lamp is switched on - Solid Sodium Deposited on the side of tubes
● Lamp works at low pressure initially and then the neon discharges a pink light
● Later due to discharged electrons from cathodes lamp gets warm and the yellow
light is given.

Working fails when

● Filament is broken or burnt

● Cathode stops to emit electrons
● Sodium gets concentrated on one side of the tube
● Blackened tube due to evaporation of Sodium
● Note: Lamp should be hung vertical to avoid the Blackening of Tube due to sodium.
Neon Lamp: (% り )=15-40 lumens/watts
● A neon lamp is a sealed glass tube filled
with neon gas
● Electrical terminals at either end of a neon
tube.Negative terminal ("-ve", blue);
Positive terminal ("+ve", green).
● When the tube is switched off, it contains
ordinary atoms of neon gas (brown circles).
● Rig the terminals up to a high-voltage
power supply.
● Atoms will lose electrons to become
positively charged ions (big green dots) -
tend to move toward the negative electrical
terminal.
● The electrons the neon atoms lose (small blue dots) are negatively charged, so they
hurtle the opposite way toward the positive terminal at the other end of the tube.
● In all this rushing about, atoms, ions, and electrons are constantly colliding with one
another - generate a sudden smash of energy that excites the atoms and ions and
makes them give off photons of red light.
● So many collisions happen with such rapidity that you get a constant buzzing of red
light from the tube.
Applications of Neon Lamps
● Fog lights
● TV Cinescopes
● Lasers
● Voltage Detectors
Fluorescent Lamp
Greater advantages over other light sources.

○ Less temperature radiations.

○ 40 lumens/ watt(3 times efficient than filament lamp).

○ Size can be varied according to the intensity and colour necessary.

Construction:
● Low pressure mercury vapour lamp
○ Coated with phosphor inside
● Tube contains mercury and a small quantity of argon at a presence of 2.5mm
of mercury
● At the both end of tube spiral form made tungsten filament - electron emitting
material coating is made
● Choke- to provide voltage impulse for starting of the lamp
● Starter- bimetallic strips
Working
● Starter is cold- when lamp is switched off-electrodes are open
● High supply- high voltage acts on starter warm ups the electrodes and causes
the strip to bend and touch
● In turn, the electrons are emitted from the cathode and forms the visible light
with the combinations of phosphor coated on lamp.
Merits
● High luminous intensity
● Long life
● Low running cost
● Low glare level
● Less heat output
Demerits
● Stroboscopic effect
● Magnetic hum
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
● LEDs are semiconductor devices that produces
light when an electrical current is applied to
them
● Latest Lighting technology
● Invented in 1962
● Lower energy consumption
● Longer life:50,000-100,000 Hrs.
● Smaller size, Faster switching
● Dimming
● Efficiency:130 lumens/watt
● RGB:Mixing the proper amount of light from
red,green and blue.
● LED yields white colour
Working of LED
Applications
● Signs and traffic signals
● Displays
● Exit sign
● Indicators and Flash lights
● Under counters etc.,
Unity power factor in incandescent lamp
Pure resistive

Therefore inductance and capacitance is zero

Hence power factor is good.

Relate True, apparent and reactive
power with this example
Liquid Crystal Display: