DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTE

VCC202
Name – ekta gupta
Branch – B.Voc – IoT
Roll no. – 2103135

Submitted To
Miss Shalini Agarwal
 Importance of architecture :-
• At its roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people
live, but architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of our
culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we
see the world.
• Art and architecture have a deep connection that unites them through their
design, their designer, and their individual meanings. Both are created using the
same organizing principles, the same visual elements, and the same engagement
of the senses.
• The artist "shapes" an object to visually express a complex set of ideas, and the
audience receives that expression. Architects create livable or usable spaces, but
their architectural structures are also significant beyond their functionality.
• The relationship between art and architecture is one that has fascinated designers
and artists for
• centuries. The balance can be hard to get right, and the process can be a
challenging one.
 The prehistoric ages:-

• The Stone Age –

• The Stone Age lasted from 30,000 BCE to about 3,000 BCE and
is named after the main technological tool developed at that
time: stone. It ended with the advent of the Bronze Age and
Iron Age .
• The Stone Age is divided in three distinct periods: the
Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age (30,000 BCE–10,000 BCE),
the Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age (10,000 BCE–8,000
BCE), and the Neolithic Period or New Stone Age (8,000 BCE–
3,000 BCE).
• The art of the Stone Age represents the first accomplishments
in human creativity, preceding the invention of writing.
 Venus of Hohle Fels: Oldest known Venus
figurine. Also the oldest known, undisputed
depiction of a human being in prehistoric art.
Made of mammoth tusk and found in
Germany.

Venus of Laussel, an Upper Paleolithic

(Aurignacian) carving
 The bronze age :-
3000 BC – (Debated)
• The Bronze Age preceded the Iron Age, and neither is pre-historic.
• These ages are denoted by when culture began to commonly use
the metal named. Some previous cultures had occasionally made
jewelry and other objects from these substances, but it is not
considered an age until a full range of objects is frequently in use.
• These ages brought more commerce and trade as the civilizations
of the periods had greater possessions to barter with. The Bronze
Age flourished mostly in Near East and Iron Age art saw a greater
world representation into the Mediterranean and as far away as
the British Isles.
The great pyramids of giza

Stonehenge – bronze art

 The iron age :-
1100 – (Debated)
• The Iron Age rose quickly, once it emerged, the
world over, but did leave some prominent
civilizations behind. The art and culture of some
of the Aegean societies declined while Greece
rose in power, influence, and the arts. Celtic
lands established themselves as great
metalworkers and when Greece later began to
lose its power the Romans entered the art scene.
 Loughnashade Trumpet – Iron age

Architectural Character :-

Architectural Character means the style, design, and general

arrangement of the exterior of a building, structure site or
object, including the type of lighting fixtures, signs and other
appurtenant fixtures. In the case of an outdoor advertising
sign, "exterior features" means the style, material, size and
location of the sign.
 Introduction to art & architecture :-
• Architecture is defined as the art and science of
designing buildings and structures.
• A wider definition would include within this scope
the design of any built environment, structure or
object, from town planning, urban design, and
landscape architecture to furniture and objects.
• It could also be defined as the manipulation of
shapes, forms, space and light to change our
environment.
• The soul of architecture is to design a structure that will be suited
for humans to live in, work in, play in, etc. It is also to give
comfort to its users -- to make them feel comfortable, make them
feel uplifted, make them feel that someone cared about their
well-being enough to design something that they would enjoy. 

Ancient Egyptian architecture: The 

Great Pyramid of Giza (Giza, Egypt), circa 2589-
2566 BC, by Hemiunu

Ancient Greek architecture: The Parthenon on

the Athenian Acropolis, made of marble and
limestone, 460-406 BC
 Unit – 2
River valley culture :-
• A river valley civilization is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and
drawing sustenance from a river. A "civilization" means a society with large
permanent settlements featuring urban development, social stratification,
specialization of labour, centralized organization, and written or other formal means
of communication. A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking
and agriculture. Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due to annual flooding,
and ease of transportation. The first great civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia
, Indus Valley Civilisation and Ancient Egypt, all grew up in river valleys.
Mesopotamian civilization flourished near the Tigris River and the civilization of Egypt
flourished near the river Nile.
Indus valley :-
Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan
civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The
nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 BCE, though
the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium BCE. Among
the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are those of 
Mesopotamia and Egypt—the Indus civilization was the most extensive.
 Tigris Euphrates :-
• Tigris-Euphrates river system, great river
system of southwestern Asia. It comprises
 the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which
follow roughly parallel courses through
the heart of the Middle East. The lower
portion of the region that they define,
known as Mesopotamia (Greek: “Land
Between the Rivers”), was one of the
cradles of civilization.
 Nile valley :-
• The Egyptian or the Nile Valley
civilization developed, as the
name suggests, along the banks of
the river Nile in Egypt. Its long,
narrow flood plain was a magnet
for life, attracting people, animals
and plants to its banks, and
providing ideal conditions for the
development of stable
communities. 
 Unit – 3
Classical architecture – Greek & Roman

• Classical architecture, architecture of 
ancient Greece and Rome, especially
from the 5th century BCE in Greece to
the 3rd century CE in Rome,that 
emphasized the column and pediment
. Greek architecture was based chiefly
on the post-and-beam system, with
columns carrying the load. 
 Greek orders :-
1. Doric order  2. Ionic order 3. Corinthian
order
 Roman orders:-

1. Tuscan order 2. Composite order

 Unit – 4
Early Christian Architecture -

• This is further divided into two types; the basilica church and
the alterna0ve church plans
• With Chris0anity accepted as a state religion in Rome and
expanding in influence, it became necessary for architecture to
respond to the space demands of the new religion
• A building used for Chris0an worship had to provide a path for
the processional entry and exit of the clergy, an alter area,
where the clergy celebrated mass, a space for the segrega0on
of the clergy from congrega0on during the procession and
communion
 Basilica Church Type -

• The early churches were generally simple and

func0onal in their design
• The emphasis was centered on the act of Chris0an
worship
• The architecture of the church that developed was
not a completely new style, but the use of
available Roman forms to sa0sfy a new program
need.
• The form chosen for the early church was the
Roman basilica
 S PETER’S ROME,333 -
St Peter was the most important of the basilica
churches built by Constan=ne
• The church has a triple entrance gate leading to an
atrium
• The church like S. Giovanni discussed earlier is a five
isles church
• The Basilica had a wooden roof of interlocking ra>ers
• The nave did not lead directly to the apse but instead
ends in a transverse space that is as high as the nave
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Alternative Church Form

• Alternative more centralized plans, with a focus on a

central vertical axis rather than a longitudinal
horizontal one were also adopted occasionally
• The reasons for their adoption is not very clear
• The centralized churches were of two broad types
• There were the completely circular churches
 ALTERNATIVE CHURCH FORM -
• Examples of this include Holy Apostle Milan and St Lorenzo
Milan
• In the early years of Chris0anity, the alterna0ve form was
common both in the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, but
later the Basilica Become more popular in the West and the
centralized alterna0ve form more popular in the Eastern Empire
• It was built in A.D. 468 and was the first circular church in Rome
• It is the largest circular church, having diameter of about 36
meters
• The plan of the church blends the cruciform with a circular plan
• •It has a huge central nave .The central
nave is encircled by ionic columns and is
lit by 22 clerestory Windows Lobed
 Lobed Alternative form
Holy Apostle, Milan AD 370

This is basically a square form church with a central plan

• It was built as the church of the imperial palace, when the capital of the
Western Empire moved to Milan
• It had a square central space 23.5 meters wide extending in all four
direc0ons
• The central space was defined by a 2-storey columnar screen suppor0ng
some half dome
• Several subsidiary octagonal structures are grouped around the main churc
 Gothic Architecture –
• Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural
style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th
century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the
17th and 18th centuries in some areas.
CHARACTERSITICS :
• Skelatal stone structure
• Visual
• Scholasticism
• This we now call the Gothic manner of architecture (so the
Italians called what was not after the Roman style) though the
Goths were rather destroyers than builders;
• I think it should with more reason be called the Saracen style,
for these people wanted neither arts nor learning: and after
we in the west lost both, we borrowed again from them, out
of their Arabic books, what they with great diligence had
translated from the Greeks
 Charactersitics of gothic architecture :

• Airy and bright

• Focus on versatility
• Pointed arches
• Rib vaults
• Flying buttresses
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE
• The main characteristics in buildings from French Gothic are the sense of
verticality to enhance the connection with God
• The Latin cross layout for the plan, open and illuminated interiors with plenty of
windows and stained glass, and the gargoyles to drain rainwater and encourage
people to go into the church
• Gothic architecture was a style that first appeared in France during the second
half of the 12th century.
• The style was seen after the Romanesque period of the Middle Ages, and it
represented the desire of getting closer to God, expressed by high towers
stretching to the heavens.
Flamboyant
Flamboyant style, phase of late Gothic architecture in 15th-century France
and Spain.
• It evolved out of the Rayonnant style's increasing emphasis on decoration. Its
most conspicuous feature is the dominance in stone window tracery of a
flamelike S-shaped curve.
• marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior a
flamboyant performer.
• often capitalized : characterized by waving curves suggesting flames
flamboyant tracery flamboyant architecture
 British gothic
• Gothic architecture in Britain has been neatly divided into four periods, or styles. The
person who did the dividing that has been obediently followed by subsequent
generations of writers and historians was Thomas Rickman (1776-1841). In his 1817 work
"An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the
Reformation" (whew! what a mouthful!) Rickman labelled the styles Norman, Early
English, Decorated, and Perpendicular.
• Like any classification system in the arts these styles cannot be dogmatically assigned
dates, but for the sake of simplicity let's do it anyway.
• The term "Gothic" needs some explaining. The original style of building - one might call it
a philosophy of architecture - sprang up in the Ile de France, and was known during the
Middle Ages as "the French Style".

ABBEY-
 An abbey is a type of monastery used by members of a religious order
under the governance of an abbot or abbess. Abbeys provide a complex
of buildings and land for religious activities, work, and housing of
Christian monks and nuns.
 The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near
the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person. Disciples wished
to be close to their holy man or woman in order to study their doctrine or
imitate their way of life
 UNIT - 5
BAROQUE
• Baroque came to English from the French word
barroque, meaning "irregularly shaped."
• At first, the word in French was used mostly to refer
to pearls. Eventually, it came to describe an
extravagant style of art characterized by curving
lines, gilt, and gold.
• The Baroque is a style of architecture, music, dance,
painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that
flourished in Europe from the early 17th century
until the 1740s
 characteristics of the Baroque
• Spectacle, movement, illusion, and biblical genre painting are all
aspects of Baroque traditions during the seventeenth century
artists of Baroque period
• Peter Paul Rubens, Caravaggio, Diego Velázquez, Rembrandt van
Rijn and Nicolas Poussin – these are the five biggest names of the
Baroque Period, a period of excellence that produced one of the
most important and famous artworks in history of Western art.

HISTORY OF BAROQUE
 The word baroque means imperfect pearl.
 In summary, Baroque architecture is a theatrical style of
building that originated in Italy in the 17th century.
Structures in the Baroque style were predominately
churches, mansions, and palaces and were meant to
showcase wealth, power, and an eye for beauty
 Characteristics of baroque architecture

• Other characteristic qualities include grandeur, drama and contrast (especially in

lighting), curvaceousness, and an often dizzying array of rich surface treatments,
twisting elements, and gilded statuary. Architects unabashedly applied bright colours
and illusory, vividly painted ceilings
• Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur,
sensuous richness, drama, dynamism, movement, tension, emotional exuberance,
and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts.

THE LOUVRE
 The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is the world's most-visited museum, and a historic
landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the
Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo
 Designed by the architect Jacques Lemercier, it was built during the reign of Louis XIII (1610–
1643) but only acquired the name 'Pavillon de l'Horloge' ('Clock Pavilion') in the 19th century,
when clocks were added to the two main facades.
 A. I.M. Pei, the architect of the Louvre Pyramid came up with the design in late 1983 and the
construction was completed in late 1987. The pyramid was inaugurated on 29 March 1989 and
opened to the public on April 1, 1989
 The Louvre palace was begun by King Francis I in 1546 on the site of a 12th-century fortress
built by King Philip II. Francis was a great art collector, and the Louvre was to serve as his royal
 Mannerism Architecture
• Mannerism, style in art and architecture of the 16th century,
characterized by the distortion of elements such as proportion and space
• The term Mannerism derives from the Italian word maniera, meaning
“style” or “way of working.
• During the Mannerist period, architects experimented with using
architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships
 Villa La Rotonda
• Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in northern Italy
designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio.
• The villa’s correct name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana, but it is also
known as "La Rotonda", "Villa Rotonda", "Villa Capra", and "Villa Almerico
Capra"
• Completed in 1592, la Villa Capra “La Rotonda” was designed by Andrea
Palladio in 1567.
• Commissioned by Paolo Almerico, he asked the architect to create a place
for his recreation, a building that combined the housing needs with duties,
a place where he could spend his last years between lethargy and 'holy
agriculture
 THE FACADE Architecture
• A facade in architecture is an exterior wall of a building, usually one with
doors or windows. Often the word refers to a structure's front wall with
an entrance.
• The front facade tends to be more imposing or decorative In architecture,
the facade is one of the building's most important exterior elements.
• The facade sets expectations and defines the feel of the overall structure.
It can also help achieve the goal of blending in with the surroundings or
standing out from the crowd.
• The facade pattern (also spelled façade) is a software-design pattern
commonly used in object-oriented programming.
• Analogous to a facade in architecture, a facade is an object that serves as
a front-facing interface masking more complex underlying or structural
code.
 Characteristics of Mannerist art and
architecture
• Mannerist artists evolved a style that is characterized by artificiality and
artiness, by a thoroughly self-conscious cultivation of elegance and
technical facility, and by a sophisticated indulgence in the bizarre.
THE DOME
• A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a
sphere.
• There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to
a dome or a structure on top of a dome
• in architecture, hemispherical structure evolved from the arch, usually
forming a ceiling or roof.
• Domes first appeared as solid mounds and in techniques adaptable only
to the smallest buildings, such as round huts and tombs in the ancient
Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean.