GENDER ROLE

AND GAD 101

SOCIALIZATIO JENNIFER S. MAYANO

N
 • PRAYER
• REMINDERS
OPENING • ANNOUNCEMENT
ACTIVITY S (IF THERES
ANY)
• OTHER MATTER

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 The Categories Game tests
CATEGORY your ability to pull names of
people and places, and other
GAME words, from your memory
while under pressure

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 CATEGORY TROPICA
GAME
L FRUIT

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 CATEGORY FILIPINO
GAME
HEROES

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 CATEGORY FILIPINO
GAME
FOOD

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 FILIPINO
CATEGORY
GAME DELICACIE
S

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 CATEGORY HOLLYWOOD
GAME
ACTOR

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 SERIES
CATEGORY MOVIES
GAME (PREQUEL/
SEGUEL/
TRILOGY)
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 CATEGORY FILIPINO
GAME
SENATORS

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 ACTOR /
CATEGORY ACTRESSES
GAME
POLITICIAN
S
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 BEAUTY
QUEENS
CATEGORY WHO WON
GAME INTERNATIONA
L
PAGEANTS
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 FAMOUS
CATEGORY
WOMEN
GAME POLITICIAN
S
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 CATEGORY
GAME

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 CATEGORY FAMOUS
GAME
LQBTQ

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 • A gender role is a way of
appearing and behaving
that meets cultural
GENDER expectations based on an
individual's gender.
ROLE Traditionally, people have
been expected to fit into
either a male or female
gender role.

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 • Gender roles can be
conceptualized as behavioral
expectations based on
GENDER biological sex. Traditionally, for
men to be masculine, they are
ROLE expected to display attributes
such as strength, power, and
competitiveness, and less openly
display emotion and affection
(especially toward other men).

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 • Gender roles are cultural
and personal. They
determine how males and
GENDER females should think,
speak, dress, and interact
ROLE within the context of
society. Learning plays a
role in this process of
shaping gender roles. 

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 • These gender schemas are
deeply embedded cognitive
frameworks regarding what
defines masculine and feminine.
While various socializing agents
GENDER —parents, teachers, peers,
movies, television, music,
ROLE books, and religion—teach and
reinforce gender roles
throughout the lifespan, parents
probably exert the greatest
influence, especially on their
very young offspring.
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 • Gender roles adopted during
childhood normally continue
into adulthood. At home, people
have certain presumptions about
GENDER decision‐making, child‐rearing
practices, financial
ROLE responsibilities, and so forth. At
work, people also have
presumptions about power, the
division of labor, and
organizational structures. 

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 3 Major types of Gender
Role

• TRADITIONAL - reflects
GENDER
the expected differences in roles for
men and women: men should be

ROLE
responsible for livelihood, therefore
are more likely to be assigned
work-related roles; women should
be responsible for the family,
therefore are more likely to be
assigned domestic roles.

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 3 Major types of Gender
Role

• EGALITARIAN –
GENDER perceptions hold that roles
should not be segregated by
ROLE gender. Men and women
might hold equal roles at
work as well as at home. 

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 3 Major types of Gender
Role

• TRANSITIONAL –
GENDER perceptions lie midway
between traditional role
ROLE segregation and
egalitarian attitudes.

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 Gender role theory 
emphasizes environmental
conditions and the influence of 
socialization,
GENDER or the process of transferring 
ROLE norms, values, beliefs, and
behaviors to group members,
in learning how to behave as a
male or female.

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 Current trends toward a
total integration model of
gender roles is reflected in
GENDER women’s education, 
professional achievement,
ROLE and family income 
contributions.

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  Social
role theory proposes
that the social structure is the
underlying force in
distinguishing genders and that
sex-differentiated behavior is
GENDER driven by the division of labor
ROLE  between two sexes within a 
society. The division of labor
creates gender roles, which in
turn, lead to gendered 
social behavior.
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 In 1955, sociologist Talcott Parsons
developed a model of nuclear families in
the United States that addressed gender
roles. Family structures vary across 
cultures and history, and the term nuclear
family refers to a family unit of two
GENDER parents and their children. Parsons
developed two models of gender roles
ROLE within the nuclear family. His first model
involved total role segregation; men and
women would be trained and educated in
gender-specific institutions, and high
professional qualifications and the
workplace would be intended for men. 

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 Women would be primarily focused
on housekeeping, childcare, and
children’s education. Male
participation in domestic activity
would be only partially desired and
socially acceptable. Further, in the
GENDER case of conflict, the man would have
the final say. Parsons contrasted
ROLE this first model with a second that
involved the total integration of
roles. In the second model, men and
women would be educated in the
same institutions and study the
same content in classes
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 The national trend toward a total
integration of gender roles is
reflected in women’s education,
professional achievement, and
GENDER family income contributions.
Currently, more women than men
ROLE are enrolled in college, and women
are expected to earn more graduate
degrees than men over the next
several years.

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 However, in most contexts,
women are still expected to be
the primary homemakers,
GENDER even if they are contributing
to household income by
ROLE working outside the home.

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 Gender socialization is
the process by which
individuals are informed
GENDER about the norms and
SOCIALIZATION behaviors associated
with their assigned sex,
usually during childhood
development.
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 The process of
educating and
instructing males and
GENDER females as to the
SOCIALIZATION norms, behaviors,
values, and beliefs of
group membership as
men or women.
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 Today it is largely
believed that most
gender expression
differences are
GENDER attributed to differences
SOCIALIZATION in socialization, rather
than genetic and
biological factors.

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 Gender stereotypes can be
a result of gender
socialization: girls and boys
are expected to act in
certain ways that are
GENDER socialized from birth.
SOCIALIZATION Children and adults who do
not conform to gender
stereotypes are often
ostracized by peers for
being different.
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 While individuals are
typically socialized into
viewing gender as a
masculine-feminine binary,
GENDER there are individuals whose
SOCIALIZATION gender identity does not
align with their assigned
gender, which indicates that
the gender binary is not
universally applicable.
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 Gender stereotypes can be a result of
gender socialization. Girls and boys are
expected to act in certain ways, and these
ways are socialized from birth by many
parents (and society). For example, girls
are expected to be clean and quiet, while
GENDER boys are messy and loud. As children get
older, gender stereotypes become more
SOCIALIZATION  apparent in styles of dress and choice of
leisure activities. Boys and girls who do
not conform to gender stereotypes are
usually ostracized by same-age peers for
being different. This can lead to negative
effects, such as lower self-esteem.

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 In Western contexts, gender
socialization is frequently
viewed as a binary, or a
concept that is exclusively
comprised of two parts. In
GENDER other words, individuals
SOCIALIZATION
are socialized into
conceiving of their gender
as either masculine (male)
or feminine (female).
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 However, some individuals do
not fall into the gender binary.
For example, individuals that
identify as transgender have a 
GENDER gender identity that does not
match their assigned sex. For
SOCIALIZATION
example, they may have been
assigned male at birth because
they have a penis, and a gender
identity that is feminine.

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 Individuals that identify
as genderqueer have a gender
identity that challenges
classifications of masculine and
feminine, and may identify as
GENDER somewhere other than male
SOCIALIZATION and female, in between male
and female, a combination of
male and female, or a third (or
forth, or fifth, etc.) gender
altogether. 
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 Individuals that identify
as genderqueer have a gender
identity that challenges
classifications of masculine and
feminine, and may identify as
GENDER somewhere other than male
SOCIALIZATION and female, in between male
and female, a combination of
male and female, or a third (or
forth, or fifth, etc.) gender
altogether. 
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4/2022 Gender Interests and Needs 41
 All human beings deserve
equal treatment, no matter
their gender identity or
sexuality.
Andreja Pejic

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