UNIT -I

NUTRACEUTICALS &
NUTRIGENOMICS
MNUT 105
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Nutraceuticals   10
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 Nutrition + Pharmaceuticals=Nutraceuticals  

Term commonly used synonymously for

designer foods, health foods, fortified
foods, medi foods, vita foods, pharma foods,
Market Trends functional foods and dietary supplements.

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CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in
scale from solo, part-time projects to large-scale undertakings that create many jobs. Many h

Vegetables Fruits Proteins

Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending
on the type of organization and creativity involved. on the type of organization and creativity involved. on the type of organization and creativity involved.
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially
Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially
Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially
Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially

Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially
 "GRAS" is an acronym for the phrase Generally Recognized As
Safe.
 “from the beginning.” 
Phytochemicals as nutraceuticals
 of Phytochemicals 
 Terpenoids
 Carotenoids – beta - Carotene, Lutein, zeaxanthin, Lycopene
         III    PolyPhenols:Flavonoids:
(Flavones,Flavanols,flavanones,isoflavones,Anthocyanins
 
 B. Non – flavonoids : phenolic acids,stilbenes,lignans
 
 , mode of action, Classification
 Definition: Phytochemicals of nutraceuticals importance
are bioactive constituents that sustain or promote health
and occur at the intersection of food and pharmaceutical
industries.
 Such substances may range from isolated nutrients,
dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically
engineered designer foods, herbal products, processed
foods and beverages
 Phytochemicals are broadly described as phytoestrogens,
terpenoids, carotenoids, limonoids, phytosterols,
glucosinolates, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and
anthocyanidins.
 They have tremendous impact on the health care system and
may provide medical health benefits including the prevention
and/ or treatment of diseases and physiological disorders.
 Majority of foods, such as whole grains, beans, fruits,
vegetables and herbs contain phytochemicals of nutraceutical
importance.
 These phytochemicals, either alone and/or in combination,
have tremendous therapeutic potential in curing various
ailments.
Mode of action

 The respective health benefits are based on science and ethics, for
health claims, functional foods and presence of certain
phytochemicals.
 They play specific pharmacological effects in human health as anti-
inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal,
antispasmodic, chemo preventive, hepato-protective,
hypolipidemic, neuroprotective, hypotensive, anti aging, diabetes,
osteoporosis, DNA damage, cancer and heart diseases, induce
apoptosis, diuretic, CNS stimulant, analgesic, protects from UVB-
induced carcinogenesis, immuno-modulator and carminative.
 1.Phytochemicals stimulate the body’s immune system against various diseases causing agents
like bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.
 2. Inhibit the potential for cancer causing substances (carcinogens) which are formed in the body
due to the substances we take from the environment in the form of food or beverages.
 3. Diminish oxidation, the damage of cells that arises with aging and exposure to pollution. Free
radicals are accountable for oxidation which leads to the formation of irregularities in cell and
resultantly may lead to cancer.
 4. Slow the growing rate of cells which can cause cancer.
 5. Reduce tenderness which causes cancer growth.

 6.Not only stop the damage in DNA but also useful in its repair mechanism.
 7. Accommodating in the regulation of hormones like insulin and estrogen in the body. The excess
level of these hormones will increase the danger of colon and breast cancer
Terpenoids

 Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are the most numerous

and structurally diverse natural products found in many plants. 
 Several studies, in vitro, preclinical, and clinical have confirmed
that this class of compounds displays a wide array of very
important pharmacological properties. The diverse collection
of terpenoid structures and functions have provoked increased
interest in their commercial use resulting in some with
established medical applications being registered as drugs on
the market.
 Several terpenoids are biologically active and are exploited in
the fight against cancer, malaria, inflammation, and a variety
of infectious diseases. Nonetheless, some compounds of this
group showed toxic effects causing gastrointestinal problems
or central nervous system manifestations among others.
 Terpenes have a unique antioxidant activity in their
interaction with free radicals.
 They react with free radicals by partitioning themselves into
fatty membranes by virtue of their long carbon side chain.
 The most studied terpene antioxidants are the tocotrienols
and tocopherols.
 They are found naturally in whole grains and have effects on
cancer cells.
 The tocotrienols are effective apoptotic inducers for human
breast cancer cells.
 The impact of a diet of fruits, vegetables and grains on
reduction of cancer risk may be explained by the actions of
terpenes in vivo
 Carotenoids – beta - Carotene, Lutein, zeaxanthin, Lycopene
 They are highly pigmented, yellow, orange and red, are
present in fruits and vegetables, and when consumed by birds
are incorporated into the yolk of eggs. Carotenoids comprise
two types of molecules, carotenes and xanthophylls.
Carotenes are tissue specific in their biological activity and
beta-carotene has vitamin A activity.
 Beta-carotene, lycopene and lutein, protect against uterine,
prostate, breast, colorectal and lung cancers. They may also
protect against risk of digestive tract cancer. The xanthophyll
types of carotenoids offer protection to other antioxidants,
and they may exhibit tissue specific protection. Zeaxanthin,
cryoptoxanthin and astaxanthin are members of the
xanthophyll group [
 Carrots, tomatoes, parsleys, orange and green leafy
vegetables like amaranth, chenopods, mustard, fenugreek,
spinach, cabbage, radish and turnip are the rich sources of
carotenoids.
 Lycopene is a plant nutrient with antioxidant properties. It’s the pigment that gives red and pink
fruits, such as tomatoes, watermelons and pink grapefruit, their characteristic color.
 Lycopene has been linked to health benefits ranging from heart health to protection against
sunburns and certain types of cancers.
 Lycopene is an antioxidant in the carotenoid family.
 Antioxidants protect your body from damage caused by compounds known as free radicals.
 When free radical levels outnumber antioxidant levels, they can create oxidative stress in your
body. This stress is linked to certain chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and
Alzheimer’s (1Trusted Source).
 Research shows that lycopene’s antioxidant properties can help keep free radical levels in
balance, protecting your body against some of these conditions (2Trusted Source).
 In addition, test-tube and animal studies show that lycopene may protect your body against
damage caused by pesticides, herbicides, monosodium glutamate (MSG) and certain types of
fungi .
 Diets rich in the antioxidant lycopene may help prevent the
development of prostate cancer. It may also protect against
cancers of the lungs, breasts and kidneys, but more human-
based research is needed to confirm this.
 Lycopene’s strong antioxidant properties may help improve
cholesterol levels and reduce your likelihood of developing or
dying prematurely from heart disease.
 Lycopene may help increase your skin’s defense against
sunburns and damage caused by UV rays. However, it is no
replacement for sunscreen.
Lycopene supplements may not be suited for pregnant women and those taking certain types of
medications

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lycopene#:~:text=Lycopene%20is%20a%20plant%20nutrient,and
%20certain%20types%20of%20cancers.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin

 Lutein and zeaxanthin are two important carotenoids, which

are pigments produced by plants that give fruits and
vegetables a yellow to reddish hue.
 They’re structurally very similar, with just a slight difference in
the arrangement of their atoms (1Trusted Source).
 Both are potent antioxidants and offer a range of health
benefits. However, lutein and zeaxanthin are best known for
protecting your eyes
powerful antioxidants
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are powerful antioxidants that defend your body against
unstable molecules called free radicals.
 In excess, free radicals can damage your cells, contribute to aging and lead to
the progression of diseases like heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes and
Alzheimer’s disease (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).
 Lutein and zeaxanthin protect your body’s proteins, fats and DNA from stressors
and can even help recycle glutathione, another key antioxidant in your body (
1Trusted Source).
 Additionally, their antioxidant properties may reduce the effects of “bad” LDL
cholesterol, thus decreasing plaque build-up in your arteries and reducing your
risk of heart disease (1Trusted Source, 4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source).
They Support Eye Health

 Lutein and zeaxanthin also work to protect your eyes from free
radical damage.
 Your eyes are exposed to both oxygen and light, which in turn
promote the production of harmful oxygen free radicals. Lutein
and zeaxanthin cancel out these free radicals, so they’re no
longer able to damage your eye cells (6Trusted Source).
 These carotenoids seem to work better together and can
combat free radicals more effectively when combined, even at
the same concentration 
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are the only dietary carotenoids that accumulate in the
retina, particularly the macula region, which is located at the back of your eye.
 Because they’re found in concentrated amounts in the macula, they’re known
as macular pigments (8Trusted Source).
 The macula is essential for vision. Lutein and zeaxanthin work as important
antioxidants in this area by protecting your eyes from harmful free radicals. It’s
thought that a reduction of these antioxidants over time can impair eye health
 (9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source).
 Lutein and zeaxanthin also act as a natural sunblock by absorbing excess light
energy. They’re thought to especially protect your eyes from harmful blue light
(9Trusted Source).
 Lutein and zeaxanthin work as supportive antioxidants in your
skin. They can protect it from sun damage and may help
improve skin tone and slow aging.
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are widely recommended as dietary
supplements to prevent visual loss or eye disease.
 They’re usually sourced from marigold flowers and mixed with
waxes but can also be made synthetically (10Trusted Source).
 These supplements are especially popular among older adults
who are concerned about failing eye health.
 There’s currently no recommended dietary intake for lutein and
zeaxanthin.
 What’s more, the amount of lutein and zeaxanthin your body
requires may depend on the amount of stress it endures. For
example, smokers may need more lutein and zeaxanthin, as they
tend to have lower levels of carotenoids, compared to non-smokers
(1Trusted Source).
 In fact, 6–20 mg of dietary lutein per day are associated with a
reduced risk of eye conditions (13Trusted Source, 30Trusted Source
).
 Research from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2
(AREDS2) found that 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin
caused a significant reduction in the progression to advanced
age-related macular degeneration (31Trusted Source).
 Likewise, supplementing with 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of
zeaxanthin can improve overall skin tone (26Trusted Source).
 Lutein and zeaxanthin are overall safe to supplement at the
recommended doses, but skin yellowing may occur over time.
Fats improve the absorption of lutein and zeaxanthin, so including them in your diet, such as some olive oil in a green
salad or some butter or coconut oil with your cooked greens, is a good idea (10Trusted Source).
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lutein-and-zeaxanthin#bottom-line
PolyPhenols

 Flavonoids:
(Flavones,Flavanols,flavanones,isoflavones,Anthocyanins
 
 Flavonoids are a diverse group of phytonutrients (plant
chemicals) found in almost all fruits and vegetables. Along
with carotenoids, they are responsible for the vivid colors in
fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids are the largest group of
phytonutrients, with more than 6,000 types.
 Flavones: These include luteolin and apigenin. Good sources of
flavones are celery, parsley, various herbs and hot peppers.
Flavones are associated with overall antioxidant benefits and
delaying the metabolizing of drugs. 
 Anthocyanidins: These include malvidin, pelargondin, peoidin and
cyanidin. Good sources of anthocyanidins include red, purple and
blue berries; pomegranates; plums; red wine; and red and purple
grapes. Anthocyanidins are associated with heart health,
antioxidant effects and helping with obesity and diabetes
prevention. 
 Lignans are fiber-associated compounds found in many plant families and
common foods, including grains, nuts, seeds, vegetables, and drinks such
as tea, coffee or wine. The highest concentrations of dietary lignans are
found in flaxseed as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside.
 Dietary lignan compounds are mainly found in linseed,36 which perhaps is
the richest source. Other food sources that are also a good source of 
dietary fiber, protein, antioxidants, and other nutritional elements are 
oilseeds and nuts (sesame, sunflower, cashew, etc.), vegetables (such as
curly kale, broccoli, and garlic), fruits (apricot, strawberry, and peach), 
olive oil, and beverages such as wine, beer, tea, and coffee, but only in small
amounts.
 Lignans, which possess a steroid-like chemical structure and
are defined as phytoestrogens, are of particular interest to
researchers. Traditionally, health benefits attributed
to lignans have included a lowered risk of heart disease,
menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis and breast cancer.
Other Poly Phenols

 Curcumin, : Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by

plants of the Curcuma longa species. It is the principal
curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the
ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is sold as a herbal supplement,
cosmetics ingredient, food flavoring, and food coloring.
 Resveratrol
 Curcumin, a polyphenol, has been shown to target multiple
signaling molecules while also demonstrating activity at the cellular
level, which has helped to support its multiple health benefits.
 It has been shown to benefit inflammatory conditions , metabolic
syndrome , pain , and to help in the management of inflammatory
and degenerative eye conditions .
 In addition, it has been shown to benefit the kidneys .
 While there appear to be countless therapeutic benefits to curcumin
supplementation, most of these benefits are due to its antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory effects
 Curcumin is being recognized and used worldwide in many different forms
for multiple potential health benefits.
 For example, in India, turmeric—containing curcumin—has been used in
curries; in Japan, it is served in tea; in Thailand, it is used in cosmetics; in
China, it is used as a colorant; in Korea, it is served in drinks; in Malaysia, it
is used as an antiseptic; in Pakistan, it is used as an anti-inflammatory
agent; and in the United States, it is used in mustard sauce, cheese, butter,
and chips, as a preservative and a coloring agent, in addition to capsules
and powder forms. Curcumin is available in several forms including
capsules, tablets, ointments, energy drinks, soaps, and cosmetics
Tannins
 Tannins (commonly referred to as tannic acid) are water-soluble
polyphenols that are present in many plant foods. 
 Tea polyphenols and many tannin components were suggested to be
anticarcinogenic.
 Many tannin molecules have also been shown to reduce the mutagenic
activity of a number of mutagens.
 Many carcinogens and/or mutagens produce oxygen-free radicals for
interaction with cellular macromolecules.
 The anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potentials of tannins may be
related to their antioxidative property, which is important in protecting
cellular oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation.
 The antimicrobial activities of tannins are well documented.
The growth of many fungi, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses was
inhibited by tannins.
 It is found that tannic acid and propyl gallate, but not gallic
acid, were inhibitory to foodborne bacteria, aquatic bacteria,
and off-flavor-producing microorganisms.
.
 Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with
the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols
hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits.
 Tannins in these fruits thus serve as a natural defense
mechanism against microbial infections.
 The antimicrobial property of tannic acid can also be used in
food processing to increase the shelf-life of certain foods,
such as catfish fillets
 Tannins have also been reported to exert other physiological
effects, such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood
pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver
necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. 
Resveratrol

 Resveratrol is part of a group of compounds called polyphenols.

They’re thought to act like antioxidants, protecting the body against
damage that can put you at higher risk for things like cancer and 
heart disease.
 It’s in the skin of red grapes, but you can also find it in peanuts and
berries.
 Heart disease: It’s thought to help reduce inflammation, lower LDL
 or "bad" cholesterol, and make it more difficult for clots to form that
can lead to a heart attack.
 Cancer: It could limit the spread of cancer cells and start killing them.
 Alzheimer's: It may protect nerve cells from damage and
fight the plaque buildup that can lead to the disease.
 Diabetes: Resveratrol helps prevent insulin resistance, a
condition in which the body becomes less sensitive to the
blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin. The condition can lead
to diabetes.
 Researchers believe that resveratrol activates the SIRT1 gene.
That gene is believed to protect the body against the effects
of obesity and the diseases of aging.
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