Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compressors: Chapter Five Theory of Positive Displacement
Compressors: Chapter Five Theory of Positive Displacement
Compressors: Chapter Five Theory of Positive Displacement
Positive
Dynamic
displacement
Vdis and Vdel in Figure 5.1 represent the displaced volume and the delivered volume
respectively. The expanded volume of the gas in the clearance volume is
represented by Vexp.
Actual Indicator Diagrams
The actual indicator diagram deviates from the theoretical
one due to
Inertia of valves
Valve plate sticking to the seat
Pressure drop across the valve
Inertia of the gas following through the suction and discharge
valves
The above mentioned factors cause the actual suction
pressure to be below the theoretical and the actual
discharge pressure to be above the theoretical as shown
in the next slide.
Actual Indicator Diagrams cont…
Capacity of Reciprocating
Compressors
Compressors cylinders are built with a clearance in
order to prevent the piston head from striking against
the cylinder when approaching the extreme left
position.
Vcl
a
Vdis
n n
P2 V cl P1V exp n- polytropic exponent
1/ n
P2
Vexp Vcl Vi Vdis (1 a( 1 / n 1))lk th
P1
Vexp aVdis 1 / n
Qi Vi N Vdis (1 a( 1 / n 1))lk th N
Vs Vdis Vcl Vexp
D 2 Vs
Vs Vdis aVdis aVdis 1/ n
Vdis vol
4 Vdis
Vs Vdis (1 a( 1 / n 1))
The Specific Work of Reciprocating
Compressors
3 2
v(specific volume)
Figure 5.3 Theoretical Indicator Diagram of a Reciprocating
Compressor
Y1 by:
The specific work done by the gas flowing into the cylinder (Y1), is given P1v1
2
The specific Work done to compress the gas in the cylinder (WY22) 1 Pdv
The total specific work done by the shaft is the sum of Y1, Y2 and Y3
Y Y1 Y2 Y3
2
Y P1v1 1 Pdv P2 v 2
a. Y for Adiabatic Isentropic Compression (Yad)
P v K Constant P s v SK
1 R C
P s v P1S/ k vS
K
S
k C P CV R , and P k
v 1/ k M CV
P P
D
1/ k
P S v s dP 1 / k D 1 / k dp CP R k R
Y ad S P S v s S P CP CP
P
1/ k
k M k 1 M
1 11/k
Yad PS vs
1/k
PD P1S1/k
K 1
1 1/k PD K
Yad C P T s 1
PS
K 1
k P D K
Yad P S vs 1
k 1 PS
K 1
RTs k P D K
Yad k 1 1
10 M PS
b. Y for Isothermal Compression /Yiso
Yiso P2 v 2 P1v1 1
2 P1 v1
dv
Pv constant P S S
v
v Ps vs
• But P2 v 2 P1 v1 P
D P s v s dP D dP
Y iso S P s vs S
P P
PD
Y iso P s v s ln
PS
R T S PD
Y iso ln
M PS
11
Power of Reciprocating Compressors
The brake power of reciprocating machine can be easily
determined by using the formula already developed in
Chapter 3. The adiabatic and isothermal efficiencies are
also defined in Chapter 3, accordingly.
Yad
m
Nb
ad
QP
Nb
ad P gH ad
m Yiso
Nb
iso
5.2 Rotary Compressors
Most of the characteristics of rotary compressors are
similar to reciprocating compressors; therefore it would be
redundant to repeat them here. The capacity of screw
compressors depends on the speed, length diameter and
gear ratio. The following equations give the capacity,
adiabatic head and brake power of screw compressors.
Q D 3 ( L / D )(GR)n( v / C )
RTs k PD
( k 1) / k
H ad 1
M k 1 Ps
QP
Nb
ad P gH ad
5.3. Capacity regulation of positive displacement
compressors
1. reciprocating compressors
Regulation by Speed
Opening Inlet valves
Varying Clearance Volume
fixed clearance volume
variable clearance volume
Bypass Regulation
Not recommended most of the time since
the energy used to compress the excess gas is wasted
the gas from the discharge line is hot and it should be cooled to the
suction temperature before it is turned back to the suction line.
2. Rotary compressors
Just as in the other positive displacement machines the
common capacity regulation method is speed
regulation.
Bypass regulation may also be used even though it is
energy inefficient method.