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CHAPTER FOUR
Network and Cloud Computing

Andualem T.
Data Communication Components
• Data communication is the exchange of information
between two agents.
• For exchange of information the information should be
transmitted from one point to another through a
transmission media called Channel.
• There are five components in data communication system.
– Message
– Sender
– Receiver
– Medium and
– protocol

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 Data Communication Components
1. Message: the information to be communicated
(text, numbers, pictures, sound, video - or combinations)
2. Sender: the device that sends the message
computer, video camera, …
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message.
4. Medium: the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver.
5. Protocol: a set of rules that coordinates the exchange of
information. Both the sender and the receiver should
follow the same protocol to communicate data.

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 Data Transmission Modes
• In a network, there is always a sender and a receiver for
communication to occur.
• we have three types of transmission
– Simplex:
• data is transmitted only in one direction, i.e., from source to
destination. E.g., Television transmission
– Half-duplex:
• data can be transmitted in both direction but not simultaneously,
• i.e., either from sender to receiver or from the reverse at a time.
E.g., walkie talkie
– Full-duplex:
• data can be transmitted in both directions simultaneously.
• E.g., telephone
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 What is Network

• Consists of two or more computers that are linked

together in order to
– Share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs),
– Exchange files, or
– Allow electronic communications.
• The computers on a network may be linked through
cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or
infrared light beams.

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 Advantages of Networking
• Sharing of peripheral devices: Laser Printers, Hard disk
drives and Scanners are examples of peripheral devices.
Hence, these devices can be shared by many users through a
network.
•  Sharing of Programs and data: by sharing the software and
data the usage of memory can be minimized, thereby
minimizing the expense.
•  Better Communication: a company can eliminate the delays
encountered with standard postal services or with telephone
tag, by using E-Mail services. [minimize time]
•  Security of information: storing information in his or her
desktop computer which was not secured. But today, such
data or information could be backed-up or duplicated on a
network storage device,
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shared by others.
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Types of Network based on Scope (Size)

Based on the size, the Networks are classified

into three types:
– Local Area Networks (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)

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 A. Local Area Network
– Serves users within a single building as an office, or a group of
buildings close together as a college campus.
– It is small in size.
B. Metropolitan Area Network,
– Is a communication network covering a large geographic area when
compared to LAN, like a city or suburb.
– A MAN can support both data and voice, and might even be related
to the local cable television network.
– Cellular phone systems are also those systems that come under this
type of Network.
C. Wide Area Network,
o Is communication Network spanning a huge geographical area like a
state, country or a continent.
o It contains a collection of machines intended for running user (i.e.,
05/18/2022application) programs.
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 The Internet and world wide web
What is Internet?

 The term InterNet has been coined from two terms,

Interconnection and Network.
 A Network is simply a group of computers that are
connected together for sharing information and
resources.
 Several such networks have been joined together across
the globe to form what is called as the Internet
 Internet is nothing but a Network of networks.

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 The Internet and world wide web
What is Internet?

There is no single, generally agreed-upon answer to

the question because the Internet is different for
each of us:
 It is a set of computers talking over fiber optics, phone
lines, satellite links, and other media.
 It is a place where you can talk to your friends and
family around the world.
 It is an ocean of resources waiting to be mined.
 It is a worldwide support group for any problem or
need

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 Basic Internet Terminologies
Internet (the “Net”) : a large collection of computers
all over the world that are connected to one another. A
network of networks.
 World Wide Web (the “Web”): used to organize
resources on the Internet for easy access
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network): the first “internetworking” project funded
by the US government for the military to allow
computers to communicate reliably over long
distances.
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 Basic Internet Terminologies
 Internet Protocol (IP) addresses: sets of four numbers
separated by dots (e.g., 123.45.245.91) which are the means
by which computers on the Internet identify each other
 Internet Connections : means to connect computers to the
Internet
 Internet Service Provider : national, regional, or local
companies that connect individuals, groups, and other
companies to the Internet.
 Web browsers: software that allows locating, viewing, and
navigating the Web. E.g., Internet Explorer, Netscape
Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, etc.
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 Basic Internet Terminologies
 Web site : a location on the Web.
 Web page (Home page) : the main page of a Web site.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) : a Web site’s address. Parts of a
URL include: protocol, domain name (server, business name,
domain type), and path (folder, file).
E.g. http://www.uakron.edu/courses/icas.html
 Protocol : standard used to communicate on the web. E.g., http, ftp,
etc
 Domain name : name assigned to a Web site. Includes the server
name, business name and domain type.
E.g. www.uakron.edu
 Path : path within a Web site that contains the folder name and file
name. E.g. /courses/icas.html
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 Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate
and transfer data over the internet without any human
intervention

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 features of IoT
The most important features of IoT include:
AI −
IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it
enhances every aspect of life with the power of data
collection, AI algorithms, and networks.
For example, your refrigerator and cabinets can be
enhanced to detect when milk and your favourite cereal run
low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity −
New enabling technologies for networking and specifically
IoT networking. IoT creates small networks among its
system devices.

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 features of IoT
Sensors −
IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a
standard passive network of devices into an active system
capable of real-world integration
Active Engagement –
IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product,
or service engagement
Small Devices −
Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful over time.
IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility
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 Cloud computing
Cloud computing: is a general term that describes the delivery of
on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per use
basis.
It is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power,
without direct active management by the user.
 generally used to describe data centers available to many users
over the Internet.
 Cloud computing helps do the following:
– Lower IT costs 
– Improve agility and time-to-value
– Scale more easily and cost-effectively
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Cloud computing services

 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

 Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Software as a service (SaaS)
 Mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS)
 Serverless computing
 Function as a service (FaaS)

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 Cloud computing services
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):  provides on-demand
access to fundamental computing resources physical
and virtual servers, networking, and storage over the
internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
•  IaaS enables end users to scale and shrink resources on an
as-needed basis, reducing the need for high, up-front capital
expenditures or unnecessary on premises or ‘owned’
infrastructure and for overbuying resources to
accommodate periodic spikes in usage

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 Cloud computing services
• Platform as a service (PaaS): PaaS provides software
developers with on-demand platform—hardware, complete
software stack, infrastructure, and even development tools
—for running, developing, and managing applications
without the cost, complexity, and inflexibility of
maintaining that platform on-premises.
• With PaaS, the cloud provider hosts everything servers,
networks, storage, operating system software, middleware,
databases at their data center.

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 Cloud computing services
• Software as a service (SaaS): known as cloud-based
software or cloud applications; is an application software
that’s hosted in the cloud and that you access and use via
a web browser, a dedicated desktop client, or an API that
integrates with your desktop or mobile operating system.
• SaaS is the delivery model for most commercial software
today. users access to application software and databases

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 Thank You

?
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