Square and

Square Root
DR. EF GING / GRADE 6A / MATHS
PPT 1 OF 2 / SQUARES & CUBES
What are squares?
And why are they called so?

A Square of a Number is the number multiplied by itself twice, or the

number to the power of 2. Examples: 82 = 64, 12.332 = 152.0289
Here 82 is a perfect square, the squares of whole natural numbers are
called perfect squares… Also any square can not be negative, because
both, double positives & double negatives make the product positive.
Why is it called “Square”? If one side of a square shape is ‘n’, then
it’s area will always be n2. The 2D form of a line is a square.
First 20 Square Numbers
Try doing this
12 = 1 8 = 64
2
15 = 225
2
under 2
minutes!
22 = 4 92 = 81 162 = 256
32 = 9 102 = 100 172 = 289
42 = 16 112 = 121 182 = 324
52 = 25 122 = 144 192 = 361
62 = 36 132 = 169 202 = 400
72 = 49 142 = 196
Playing with digits of perfect
squares
 The Numbers ending with “n” 0s will have “2n” 0s in it’s square
 The Numbers ending with 1 and 9 will have it’s square ending in 1
 The Numbers ending with 2 and 8 will have it’s square ending in 4
 The Numbers ending with 3 and 7 will have it’s square ending in 9
 The Numbers ending with 4 and 6 will have it’s square ending in 6
 The Numbers ending with 5 will have it’s square ending with 5.
 There are no square numbers whose unit’s digit are 2, 3, 7 or 8.
 Squares ending with a odd number of 0s are never square numbers.
Some Patterns in Square
Numbers
 There are “2n” natural numbers between “n2” and (n+1)2

Example: 292 (841) and 302 (900) have 29x2 = 58 non-square numbers between them.
 The sum of “n” consecutive odd numbers starting from 1 equals n2

Example: 122 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 = 144

 The product of two consecutive odd or even numbers can be written in the form of n 2 – 1

Example: 46 x 48 = (n + 1)(n – 1) = n2 – 12 = n2 – 1 [using (a+b)(a–b) = a2 – b2]

= 472 – 1 = 2209 – 1 = 2208

Finding the smallest perfect
square divisible by other numbers:
 Find the LCM of the given numbers – x, y & z be equals to “n”

LCM of 5, 8 & 9 = 360

 Find the prime factors of “n”

360 = 22 x 32 x 2 x 5
 Multiply “n” with the unpaired number to get a perfect square

360 x 5 x 2 = 3600 (602)

 Verify it… (it is verified)

3600 / 5 = 720  3600 / 8 = 450  3600/9 = 400

Radicals, Bases and Roots
What is the Square Root?
The Square Root of a number “x” is equal to number which has to be multiplied by itself twice to
obtain “x”. It is denoted as a radical (symbol). In mathematical form,

If y2 = x 

Also, 

Square root of a number can also be written as the number to the power of half. Why?

We know ,
More on Square Roots
Laws of Square Roots
Square Roots are simple quadratic Note that these
equations, they have 2 values for laws can work
for any root or
variables in one equation, for example.
radical…
One Variable is always positive and one
is always negative. No quadratic
equation can have variables which are
both positive or negative…
Finding Square Root of a number
by Prime Factorisation
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: All
natural whole numbers can be expressed For Example:
as a product of prime numbers. What is ?

Prime Factorisation is the process of

continuously dividing a number with the
smallest prime divisible by it until you reach
1.
Finding Square Root of a number
by Repeated Subtraction
We know that all perfect squares can be
expressed as the sum of consecutive odd numbers. For Example:
What is ?
So a perfect square “n ” can be subtracted by
2

consecutive odd numbers “n” no. of times Since, you have to

to get 0. subtract 169 by
consecutive odd
numbers 13 times to
get 0,
Finding Square Root of a number
by Long Division
For Example:
 Make 2 groups, 79 & 21. Now, Find the nearest perfect square
What is ?
smaller than 79 which is 64, write 64 below 79 & its square
root (8) of the left side of the table.
On the right side, subtract 64 from 79 and get 15 and place the other
group (21) on the side of 15 to make 1521.
On the left side, add 8 and 8 to make 16. Then try multiplying all
the numbers from 161 to 169 with their units digit to see which of
them equates to 1521 (here, it is 169 x 9 = 1521).
Finally subtract 1521 from 1521 to get remainder as 0.
Finding Square Root of a number
by Estimation
For Example: What is ?
 The Number has 4 digits, so its square root will be a 2 digit number.

Make two groups, 32 & 49.

 Consider the first group, 32. It lies between 52 (25) & 62 (36), so the tens digit of the
number is 5. The Square root lies between 51 & 59.
 Consider the last digit (9) of the second group (49). This means the units digit of the square root
will be either 3 or 7. And the square root can be either 53 or 57
 532 = 2809 572 = 3249. Thus,
Finding Square Roots of imperfect
square numbers
. For Example: What is ? For Example: What is ?
(up to 3 decimal places) (up to 2 decimal places)
Multiplying & Dividing non-square
numbers to get the nearest perfect square
Eg. 19845 (for division) Eg. 2523 (for multiplication)

3 19845 = 32 x 32 x 72 x 5 3 2523 = 3 x 29 2

3 5 is not in pairs, thus you 29 3 is not in pairs, thus

3 have to divide 19845 by 5 29 2523 has to be

3 to get a perfect square multiplied by 3 to get
5 19845/5 = 19845/5 = 32 x 32 x 72 a perfect square
7 396 3969 = (3 x 3 x 7)2 2523 x 3 = 32 x 292
7 3969 = 632 7569 = (3 x 29) 2
7569 = 872
Adding & Subtracting non-square
numbers to get the nearest perfect square
For Example: What is the closest approximate?

Do long division of 7339 up to no decimal places, you will get a remainder of 114

 Subtract 114 of 7339 to get the last perfect square 7225. Find the square root of 7225 using any
preferred method. You will get 85.
 Now, calculate the value of 862. The result will be 7396.

 However, 7396 (862) is the closest perfect square.

7339 + 57 = 862 = 7396

7339 – 114 = 852 = 7225

Uses of Squares in Daily Life:
The Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares of the adjacent and opposite side.

A Opposite2 + Adjacent2 = Hypotenuse2

Hypotenuse =

C B A Set of Whole Natural Numbers which

AB2 + BC2 = AC2 satisfies the values of the variables in the
Pythagorean Theorem are called
AC =
Pythagorean Triplets. For Example:
Uses of Squares in Daily Life:
The Pythagorean Theorem
The Members of a Pythagorean Triplet can be expressed in
the form of:
n , (“n” is always an odd number, so we .
use this formula if the shortest side
is an even number)

We multiply the members of the set with 2 when the shortest

side is an even number…
2n Pythagoras (BC 570 – BC 495)
Uses of Squares in Daily Life:
The Pythagorean Theorem
Eg. Find Pythagorean Triples Case 1: 35 = n2 – 1 Case 2: 35 = n
with one member being 35. Solving for
 35 can be written as ) ==
 35 can be written as “n” Solving for

There are 2 possible ==

Pythagorean Triples which have Solving for
The Required Pythagorean
35 as its members. Triplet is 35, 612, 613
1) 122 + 352 = 372 The Required Pythagorean
2) 352 + 6122 = 6132 Triplet is 12, 35, 37