COMMUNICATION & PRESENTATION SKILLS

ORAL PRESENTATION

OUTLINE
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? THE FOUR SKILLS MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ORAL PRESENTATION DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

I. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Any communication involves FIVE basic elements: MESSAGE [ENCODING] [DECODING] SENDER CHANNEL RECEIVER FEEDBACK

I.

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
(CONTINUED)

The nature of communication changes, depending upon which element we want to emphasize. Thus, we have FIVE corresponding types of communication.

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
(CONTINUED)

FEEDBACK: It is important to remember that this is NOT a one-way process; the RECEIVER is also the ENCODER AND SENDER of FEEDBACK (e.g. clapping, yawning, etc.) which the SENDER must RECEIVE AND DECODE.

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
(CONTINUED)

NOISE: This includes all those elements that interfere with or hamper the process of communication: e.g., (i) in oral communication, faulty pronunciation or a very high speed of utterance; (ii) in written communication, long documents without paragraph breaks;

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
(CONTINUED)
(iii) verbal overload: compare 1a. Students who get involved at school and college learn best. 1b. The amount of student learning and personal development associated with any educational programme is directly proportional to the quality and quantity of student involvement in that programme. 2a. Good schools and colleges try to get students involved. 2b. The effectiveness of any educational policy or practice is directly related to the capacity of the policy or practice to improve student involvement in learning.

II. THE FOUR SKILLS:

SENDING: SPEAKING WRITING

RECEIVING: LISTENING READING Each skill may need a separate approach, or they may be integrated into a single approach.

MAIN POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ORAL PRESENTATION

(i) effective use of visual aids (ii) adequate eye contact : size of the audience (iii) clarity in pronunciation (iv) maintaining a proper speed of presentation (v) posture and body movements suggesting confidence (vi) seeking and making proper use of visual feedback (vii) noting down important points arising out of discussion

V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

1. Speech & Writing/Printing: a comparison Speech : pitch, volume, tone, speed, pauses, body movements, facial expressions Writing/Printing: punctuation, capitalization, spacing, margins, fonts

V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

(continued)

2. Pronunciation of Words: (a) vowel and consonant sounds (comparison of sounds with letters a-z); The letter a in : fat, father, fate, about Or the letters th in thin & then. Also notice that (b) word-stress

V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

(continued)

3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary

V. DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

(continued)

4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm

Vowels of English
(Pure Vowels/ Monophthongs) initially medially finally 1. /i:/ east sheet key 2. /I/ it hit duty 3. /e / end send 4. // and sand 5. /a:/ art heart car 6. / / ox fox

Vowels of English (continued)

7. / :/ 8. /U/ 9. /u:/ 10.// 11./ :/ 12./ / initially all ooze up earn ago medially ball put choose cup learn police stir maker finally saw chew

Vowels of English (continued)

Diphthongs
13. /e / 14. / / 15. /a / 16./a / 17. / / 18. / / 19. /e / 20. /u / eight oak ice out oil ears airs straight joke mice shout boil beard paired cured stay slow my how boy peer hare tour

Consonants of English
1. /p/ 2. /b/ 3. /t/ 4. /d/ 5. /k/ 6. /g/ initially pin bin tell day keep get medially spin tubs stick heads skill jugs finally keep club light laid stick bag

Consonants of English
(continued)

7. / / 8. / / 9. /m/ 10. /n/ 11. / / 12. /l/

initially chin joke met net lot

medially finally reached teach hinged smoke snake rings fling large team tin sing full

Consonants of English
(continued)

13 /f/ 14. /v/ 15. / / 16.//

initially fan van thin then

medially finally soft if leaves thief months clothes bath bathe

Consonants of English
(continued)

17. /s/ 18. /z/ 19. / / 20. / /

initially sip zip ship measure

medially list loser rushed rouge

finally less buzz hush

Consonants of English
(continued)

21. /h/ 22. /r/ 23. /w/ 24. /j/

initially hot rot watt yatch

medially finally behave try sweat tune

Word-stress
Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable bargain govern secret mischief message cabbage surface furnace husband butcher proverb thorough oven onion compass

Word-stress (continued)
Stress on second syllable admit forbid succed suppress police payee dismiss agree select request prefer refer occur arrest commence perhaps

DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

(continued)

3. Use of the phonetic script and the (Pronouncing) Dictionary: International Phonetic Alphabet: free downloading is possible Dictionaries on CD : listening to the pronunciation and it variety (e.g. British & American) now possible

DEVELOPING ORAL SKILLS

(continued)

4. Pronunciation of Sentences: intonation and rhythm INTONATION: rising / (yes /) falling \ (yes \) combination \/ (yes \/) RHYTHM: de dum de dum x x

Vowel sounds of English

(Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) initially medially finally 1. /i:/ east sheet key 2. /I/ it hit duty 3. /e / end send 4. // and sand 5. /a:/ art heart car 6. / / ox fox

Vowel sounds of English

(continued) 7. / :/ 8. /U/ 9. /u:/ 10.// 11./ :/ 12. / / initially all ooze up earn ago medially ball put choose cup learn police stir maker finally saw chew

Vowel sounds of English

(continued)

Diphthongs
13. /e / 14. / / 15. /a / 16./a / 17. / / 18. / / 19. /e / 20. /u / eight oak ice out oil ears airs straight joke mice shout boil beard paired cured stay slow my how boy peer hare tour

Consonant sounds of English

1. /p/ 2. /b/ 3. /t/ 4. /d/ 5. /k/ 6. /g/ initially pin bin tell day keep get medially spin tubs stick heads skill jugs finally keep club light laid stick bag

Consonant sounds of English

(continued)

7. / / 8. / / 9. /m/ 10. /n/ 11. / / 12. /l/

initially chin joke met net lot

medially finally reached teach hinged smoke snake rings fling large team tin sing full

Consonant sounds of English

(continued)

13 /f/ 14. /v/ 15. / / 16.//

initially fan van thin then

medially finally soft if leaves thief months clothes bath bathe

Consonant sounds of English

(continued)

17. /s/ 18. /z/ 19. / / 20. / /

initially sip zip ship measure

medially list loser rushed rouge

finally less buzz hush

Consonant sounds of English

(continued)

21. /h/ 22. /r/ 23. /w/ 24. /j/

initially hot rot watt yatch

medially finally behave try sweat tune

Word-stress
Two-syllable words Stress on first syllable bargain govern secret mischief message cabbage surface furnace husband butcher proverb thorough oven onion compass

Word-stress (continued)
Two-syllable words
Stress on second syllable admit forbid succed suppress police payee dismiss agree select request prefer refer occur arrest commence perhaps

Word-stress (continued)
Three-syllable words
Stress on first syllable advertise educate illustrate furniture government literature recognize signature tentative Stress on second syllable adventure commercial decision external internal permission revision spectator umbrella

Word-stress (continued)
Three-syllable words
Primary Stress on third syllable ,addressee ,cigarette ,coincide ,devotee ,engineer ,guarantee ,recommend

Word-stress (continued)
Four-syllable words
Primary Stress on first syllable applicable accurately comfortable honourable Primary Stress on second syllable advertisement appreciate arithmetic exaggerate participate photography

Word-stress (continued)
Four-syllable words
Primary Stress on third syllable accidental application exhibition independent individual Primary Stress on fourth syllable dedicatee examinee

Word-stress (continued)
words with more than four syllables
Primary Stress on first syllable favouritism cannibalism secularism Primary Stress on second syllable adventurousness enthusiasm conservatism Primary Stress on third syllable electricity irresponsible popularity Primary Stress on fourth syllable academician civilization pacticipation

Word-stress (continued):
stress change according to part of speech
COMPARE: Noun/Adjective absent accent concert conflict export produce subject Verb absent accent concert conflict export produce subject

Attributes of good oral communication

1.Sounds and sound combinations 2. Stress 3. Rhythm 4. Intonation 5. Speed: pausing 6. Clarity of articulation 7. Voice modulation: volume & pitch variation (avoiding monotonous speech)

PROPER USE OF WORDS

accede, v. to agree to, to give in exceed, v. to be greater than expected accept, v. to receive except, v. to leave out except, prep. but access, n., adj. the opportunity to approach or reach excess, n., adj. more than needed

 adapt, v. to change in order to make suitable adept, adj. skillful adopt, v. to accept without change advice, n. an opinion given advise, v. to give a judgment in order to influence action affect, v. to change or influence effect, v. to bring something about effect, n. a result

complement, v. complement, n. compliment, n. compliment, v.

to complete or make whole that which makes something complete an expression of approval to express approval or congratulations

comprise, v (more formal; preposition used only in passive) The class comprises mainly foreign students. /The class is comprised mainly of foreign students. consist of, v+prep The class consists mainly of foreign students.

Tools: Transition/Connection
Link sentences with particular logical relationships with conjunctions or equivalent: Identity, Opposition, Addition, Cause and Effect, Concession, Exemplification

Identity
indicates sameness: that is, that is to say, in other words

Opposition
indicates a contrast: but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although, whereas, in contrast, rather

Addition
indicates continuation: and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way, again, another, similarly, similar, the same

Cause and Effect

therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it follows that, because, since, for

Concession
indicates a willingness to consider the other side: admittedly, I admit, true, I grant, of course, naturally, some believe, it has been claimed that

Exemplification
indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea: for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate, truly