THREADED FASTENERS

Eng.Nabeel Abo Shaban

Machine Drawing
 Fasteners

:The most common types of threaded fasteners are

Bolt
Stud
Cap Screw
Machine Screw
Setscrew
 
 BOLTS
A bolt, having an integral head on one end and a thread on the other
end, is passed through clearance holes in two parts and draws them
.together by means of a nut screwed on the threaded end
Two major groups of bolts have been standardized: Round-head bolts and
.wrench-head bolts (machine bolts)

Round-head bolts are used as through fasteners with a nut, usually square.
.Appendix 17 in textbook shows various head forms

.Wrench-head bolts have two standard head forms: square and hexagonal
.Appendix 16 in textbook can be referred for these forms
 
 STUDS
A stud is a rod threaded on each end. The fastener passes through a
clearance hole in one piece and screws permanently into a tapped hole in the
.other. A nut then draws the parts together
 CAP SCREWS

A cap screw passes through a clearance hole in one piece and screws
.into a tapped hole in the other
.The head draws the parts together as the screw enters the tapped hole
American standard cap screws
 MACHINE SCREWS

A machine screw is a small fastener used in the same manner as bolt or a cap
. screw
 SETSCREWS

A setscrew: screws into a tapped hole in an outer part and bears with
.its point against an inner part, usually a shaft
These are made of hardened steel and hold two parts in relative
position

American standard setscrew heads and points

 NUTS
Nuts are used with bolts and studs. These are available in two wrench-
.type styles: square and hexagonal

American standard nuts

 FASTENER TERMS
.Nominal Diameter: The basic major diameter of the thread .1
Width across Flats-W: The distance separating parallel sides of the square or .2
hexagonal head or nut, corresponding with the nominal size of the wrench

Tops of Bolt heads and Nuts: The tops of heads and nuts are flat with chamfer to remove .3
the sharp corners. The angle of chamfer with the top surface is 25° for the square form and
30° for the
hexagonal form; both are drawn at 30°. The diameter of the top surface is equal to the width
.across flats
Washer Face: The washer face is a circular boss turned or otherwise formed on the .4
.bearing surface of a bolt head or nut to make a smooth surface
.Fastener Length: The distance from the bearing surface to the point .5
.Regular Series: Regular bolt heads and nuts are for general use .6
Heavy Series: Bolt heads and nuts in this series are for use where greater .7
.bearing surface is necessary. They are larger in over-all dimensions

.Thick Nuts: These are higher than regular nuts .8

Unfaced bolts and nuts: are not machined on any surface .9
.except the threads
.The bearing surface is plain
Semi finished Bolt heads and Nuts: These have a smooth .10
.bearing surface machined or formed at right angles to the axis
.Finished Bolts and Nuts: Dimensional tolerances are tighter .11
:DRAWING FASTENERS

If an accurate drawing of the fastener is not essential, the W (width across flats),
, H (height of head)
T ( thickness of nut) dimensions of hexagonal and square heads and nuts may
.be obtained as follows

.The resulting values will be quite close to the actual dimensions

for regular series: W = 1 1/2 D , H = 2/3 D , T = 7/8 D
for heavy series: W = 1 1/2 D + 1/8 in , H = 3/4 D , T = D
:Minimum thread length to be used in drawings can be calculated as follows
.l = 2 D + 1/4 in. for L =< 6 in
.l = 2 D + 1/2 in. for L > 6 in
Using bolt length increments in Appendix 18, standard bolt lengths should be
.chosen
,For Metric bolts
.for drawing use, the thread length may be calculated using the below formula
l = 2 D + 6 mm for L =< 150 mm
l = 2 D + 12 mm for L > 150 mm
:The following bolt length increments should be used for metric bolts
mm --- 3< L <6 mm 1
mm --- 8< L <16 mm 2
mm --- 20< L <90 mm 5
mm --- 100< L <200 mm 10
mm --- 220< L <300 mm 20
 EXERCISE

.Draw the following specified fasteners

A : 1 - 8UNC - 2A (Bolt&Nut)
B: 3/4 - 16UNF - 2A (Cap Screw)
C: 5/8 - 18 UNF - 2A (Stud)
D: M12 x 1.25 (Cap Screw)
:Answers
A : 1 - 8UNC - 2A (Bolt&Nut)
 
From Appendix 11 tap drill diameter for D=1 and n=8 is 7/8 in
.Clearance of 1/16 in. should be used from both sides
Min bolt length is : = 1 1/2 + 4 + T ----- Nut thickness: T = 7/8 D
3/8 6 = 1 * 7/8 + 4 + 1/2 1 =
Refer to Appendix 18 for increments: for D = 1 , increment is 1 in. for 6-12 in. lengths
.So, Minimum bolt length, L = 7 in
:Now, calculate the min. thread length
for L > 6; l = 2 D + 1/2
.Therefore, l = 2 * 1 + 1/2 = 2 1/2 in
 
B : 3/4 - 16UNF - 2A (Cap Screw)
 
.From Appendix 11 tap drill diameter for D=3/4 and n=16 is 11/16 in
Recall min. entrance length can be calculated using Table 1 in p. 515. For Cast
;Iron A = 1 1/2 D
A = 1 1/2 * 3/4 = 9/8
Therefore min. cap screw length is : = (1 1/2 - 1/4) + 9/8 = 2 3/8
Refer to Appendix 18 for increments: for D = 3/4, increment is 1/4 in. for 1-6 in.
lengths
.So, Minimum cap screw length, L = 2 1/2 in
:Now, calculate the min. thread length
for L <= 6 ; l = 2 D + 1/4
.Therefore, l = 2 * 3/4 + 1/4 = 1 3/4 in
 
;Considering allowances on tapped hole
.Thread clearance; B = 4/n = 4/16 in
.Unthreaded hole length; E = 4/n = 4/16 in
C : 5/8 - 18UNF - 2A (Stud)
 
.From Appendix 11 tap drill diameter for D=5/8 and n=18 is 37/64 in
Recall min. entrance length can be calculated using Table 1 in p. 515. For Cast
;Iron A = 1 1/2 D
.A = 1 1/2 * 5/8 = 15/16 in
.T = 7/8 D = 7/8 * 5/8 = 35/64 in
.Stud length is : = (1 1/2 + 1/8) + 15/16 + 35/64 = 3 7/64 in
.Referring Appendix 18, overall Stud length, L = 3 1/4 in
 
;Considering allowances on tapped hole
.Thread clearance; B = 4/n = 4/18 in
.Unthreaded hole length; E = 4/n = 4/18 in
D : M12 x 1.25 (Cap Screw)
 
From Appendix 14 tap drill diameter for D=12 mm and p=1.25 is 10.75 mm
width across flats, W = 1 1/2 * 12 = 18 mm
height of head, H = 2/3 * 12 = 8 mm
Apply 1 mm clearance from both sides. M 12 ==> 14 Drill
;Min. entrance length for Cast Iron A = 1 1/2 D
A = 1 1/2 * 12= 18 mm
Min. cap screw length: = (30-2) + 18 = 46 mm
Recall increments; 5 mm for 20<L<90
Therefore, L = 50 mm
Thread length: = 2 D + 6 = 2*12 + 6 = 30 mm
;Allowances on tapped hole
Thread clearance; B = 4/n = 4*p = 4 * 1.25 = 5 mm
Unthreaded hole length; E = 4*p = 4 * 1.25 = 5 mm
 
END