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Aligment Methods-Act 20161119
Aligment Methods-Act 20161119
Aligment Methods-Act 20161119
1
Course Objectives
The purpose of this course is to highlight the importance of
machinery Alignment and need of precision.
provide details of the pre and final alignment procedure .
Power Transmission Between Two Shafts and type of Coupling
Apply and gain comprehensive understanding of Laser Alignment
2
Power Transmission Between Two Shafts
Two parallel shafts
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Two perpendicular shafts
4
perpendicular, nonintersecting shafts
5
Two aligned shafts
Coupling types
1. Rigid coupling
A. Flange coupling
7
B. Compression coupling
8
C. Clamp coupling
9
2. Flexible coupling
A. Torsion coupling (Shear)
Rubber coupling
10
Metallic Torsion coupling (Shear)
11
B. Compression coupling
Rubber coupling
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Rubber coupling (cont.)
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C. Chain coupling
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D. Metallic grid coupling
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E. Gear coupling
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E. Gear coupling (cont.)
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F. Disc coupling
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3. hydraulic coupling
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Couplings
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Couplings
Coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power
Coupling
Pump Motor
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Uses of coupling
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Types of coupling
Rigid
Flexible
Universal
Flexible coupling
Rigid coupling
Universal coupling
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Rigid coupling
Flange
Key Hub
Driven Shaft
Driving
Shaft
Flanged Coupling
Pin
Bush
Flange Flange
Bolt
Coupling
Pump Motor
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What is ALIGNMENT
It is the process to bring the shafts center
line of Movable machine to be in-line with
Stationary machine.
Adjustment of the relative position of two
coupled machines, so that the center line of
the axis will be concentric when the
machines are running during normal
operation.
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• Misalignment - The most common vibration problem.
Unlike unbalance, does not have a single vibration
symptom. As a result, it should always be considered as a
possibility.
• Definition of Perfect alignment - Shaft centerlines are parallel
and intersect.
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Misalignment is the main cause of Machine Potential Failure
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Causes of Misalignment
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Side Effect of Misalignment
– Bearing failure.
– Vibration.
– Coupling Failure, even in flexible types!
– Internal heating.
– Shaft Fatigue.
– Seal Leakage.
– High energy consumption.
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Effects of Misalignment
Bearing failure.
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Effects of Misalignment
Seal Leakage
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Effects of Misalignment
High Vibration
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Effects of Misalignment
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Effects of Misalignment
Shaft Fatigue
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Shaft Distortion
Internal heating.
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Effects of Misalignment
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Items should be checked before alignment
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Types of Misalignment
Types of Misalignment
Offset Misalignment
(Parallel Misalignment)
Angular Misalignment
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Types of Misalignment
Definitions
44
Types of Misalignment
Shaft Centerlines Intersect @ The Coupling. Shaft Centerlines Intersect @ The Bearings.
Note The Absence Of Coupling Movement Note The High Radial Coupling Movement,
And The High Radial & Axial Bearing The Low Radial & The High Axial Bearing
Movement. Movement.
45
Types of Misalignment
Shaft Centerlines Do Not Intersect. Note The Shaft Centerlines Do Not Intersect. Note The
High Radial & Axial Bearing Movement. Even Higher Radial & Axial Bearing
Movement.
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The ANGULARITY of the system
Stationary Machine
(+) Slope
Stationary Machine
(-) Slope
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OFFSET OF THE SYSTEM
Coupling C.L.
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OFFSET OF THE SYSTEM
C.L of Movable
machine is lower than
Stationary the C.L. of the
Stationary Machine
shaft when measured
Machine at the C.L. of the
Coupling.
Coupling C.L.
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SELECTING AN ALIGNMENT SEQUENCE
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ALIGNMENT METHODS
A. Mechanical
1. Precision Ruler
2. Feeler Gauges
B. Dial Indicators
1. Face & Rim
2. Reverse Indicator
C. LASER (Optical)
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Precision Ruler
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Dial Indicator Methods
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SELECTING AN ALIGNMENT METHOD
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The Face & Rim Method
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The FACE & RIM Method
Face Readings: obtained as the shafts are rotated and the centerline of
the dial indicator stem is set parallel to the shaft centerline.
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The FACE & RIM Method
Rim Readings obtained as the shafts are rotated and the centerline of the
dial indicator stem is set to 90 degree angle to the shaft centerline.
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The FACE & RIM Method
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The Reverse Method
This method requires the taking of two (2) Rim readings; one
set at the Movable machine and one set at STATIONRY
MACHINE.
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The Reverse Method
Reverse set
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Disadvantage of mechanical Alignment
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Alignment Preparation Cont.
Sag Measurement
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Machine Mobility
63
Laser Alignment system
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Laser Alignment system
9 o’clock position
12 o’clock
3 o’clock position position 65
Comparison of Alignment Methods
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Types of Soft foot
Bent Bent
U p Down
Parallel Baseplate
67
Soft-foot Check
Machine
Foot 0
5
10
10
S
hims
5
5
feelergaugeset 5
68
Soft foot
Internal bearing
misalignment creates
substantial pre-loading
on the bearing.
FORCE
70
Intentional misalignment for cold machine
Thermal Expansion
ΔL = L(α)(ΔT)
Where
ΔL = thermal expansion
L = height centerline to base of machine
α = coefficient of thermal expansion of material
ΔT =change in temperature from ambient 71
Thermal
Expansion
Intentional misalignment for cold machine
Example:
Height from foundation to shaft: 1.0 m
Temperature when aligned +20 C
Operating temperature +50 C
72
Alignment Tolerance
73
HOW TO DETECT
MISALIGNMENT
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Symptoms of Misalignment
Angular misalignment
causes axial vibration
at the running speed
frequency (1x).
Angular Misalignment,
a phase shift of 180º
will exist across the
coupling or machine,
Axially.
77
Offset Misalignment Symptoms:
Parallel misalignment
produces radial
vibration at twice the
running speed
frequency (2x).
A phase shift of 180º
will exist across the
coupling or machine in
radial direction.
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Detecting Misalignment
Temperature
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Detecting Misalignment
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procedure for Reverse indicator
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Calculation for Reverse indicator
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procedure for Reverse indicator
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Calculation for Face & Rim indicator
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Validity rule
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TOLERANCES FOR SHAFT ALIGNMENT
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laser alignment procedure
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90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Miniature flexible couplings
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Flexible Coupling
Chain couplings
102
Flexible Coupling
Gear couplings
103
Flexible Coupling
Spring couplings
104
Flexible Coupling
Elastomeric flexible couplings
105