Lecture 2

ECEG-4243

Planning and Development Process

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 Introduction
The main steps before developing a
hydropower system are
• Site Reconnaissance
& Data collection
• Pre-Feasibility Study
• Feasibility study

The main steps after completion of

feasibility study are
• Finalization of various designs
• Construction
• Operation and Maintenance

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 Introduction
Generally, hydropower development cycle includes
• Planning,
• Implementation and
• Operation and Maintenance, stages

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 Project planning Stage

• It is the first stage of HPP development cycle

• The major activities are:
– Site Reconnaissance
– Selection of Potential sites
– Planning of the potential site (where and How…?)
– Formulation of the development plan

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 Procedures for Planning HPP
Study should be made about
• Topography and geomorphology of the site.
• Evaluation of the water resource and its generating potential
• Site selection and basic layout
• Selection of Hydraulic turbines and generators and their
control
• Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures
• Economic evaluation of the project and financing potential

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 Project Planning…
• The main activities while planning HPP can be summarized as
 Site reconnaissance
 site identification, head and flow rate data collection,
 Pre-Feasibility
 potential estimation
 Feasibility
 Environmental and Economical Estimation

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Project Implementation stage
• This is the second phase of HPP development cycle
• The detailed design and construction of the particular site is covered.
– Design of civil structures
– Design of electro-mechanical components
– Construction of each components
Project Operation and Maintenance stage.
• This is the third phase of HPP development cycle
• Operation and Maintenance of HPP
• Management of the HPP

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 Potential site Identification
• Main Objectives
 Whether HPP is feasible to be constructed
 How much power can be generated and where
 How to select a potential site among the candidates
• Basic Reference Materials
 Topographical maps with scale of 1/50,000 (contour maps)
provides important information, such as landform, location of
communities, slope of the river, catchment area of proposed
sites, access road, etc.
 Or Google earth and Google map together with GIS (Geographic
Information System)and DEM (Digital Elevation Model)data
 Rainfall data (Isohyetal maps) for hydrological estimation
• Radius of site identification depends on power output, distance from
load center, accessibility, acceptable voltage drop
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 Cont’d
• Calculation of flow rate at the selected site
– GIS with DEM data can be used for drainage area calculation and stream
flow extraction

Where,
Asite-catchment area of the power plant site
Agauge-catchment area of the gauge
Qsite-discharge at site (m3/s)
Qgauge-discharge at gauge (m3/s)
K -represents a scaling constant or function.
– For simplicity, scaling factor K can be set equal to ratio of average annual
rainfall
– If there is no gauged record, rough estimation can be done using
hydrological water balance models 9
 Cont’d
Potential sites can be selected:
• Based on river gradient and catchment area (from map)
• Based on accessibility and ability to accommodate the civil
structure to be constructed ( from map).
• Based on information from local people (where maps are not
available)
Potential sites Comparison
• Firm discharge, Qf and or Qmax/Qf
• Ratio of water way length to total head (L/H)

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 Stream flow data analysis
• Design flow rate: is the maximum
flow for which your hydro system
is designed.
• Reserved flow: is the minimum
flow required to avoid aquatic life
damage in the water stream and
can only be used during
emergency demand increase
• Firm flow: The firm flow is defined
as the flow being available X % of
the time, where X is a percentage
specified by the user and usually
equal to 95%. 11
 Stream Flow measurement Techniques
• Velocity-Area method
• A relatively straight and flat portion is selected
• Area can be computed as

Velocity can be measured by one

of
•Floating object method
•Mechanical current meter
•Dilution method
•Electro magnetic current meter
•Using Bucket Method
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 Cont’d
• Weir method
– Rectangular notch
– V-notch
– Trapezoidal notch
– It is used when other
methods are impossible
– Determined by measuring the
depth of overflowing

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 Head Measurement Techniques
• Using Clear Hose method

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 Cont’d
• Spirit level and Plank method/Pole Survey

• Using Altimeter (measurement of air pressure)

• Using Sighting meters (inclination angle between two
points)
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 Hydraulic head
• Hydraulic head are two types:
– GROSS HEAD of a hydropower facility is the
difference between head water elevation and tail
water elevation.
– NET HEAD is the effective head on the turbine and is
equal to the gross head minus the hydraulic losses
before entrance to the turbine and outlet losses

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 Hydraulic head
• Hydraulic head losses are caused by mainly
• Frictional losses (losses in the closed and open pipe
systems)
• Local losses : are losses due (proportional with kinetic
energy, V2 /2g)
Geometric changes at entrances, bends, elbows, joints,
racks, valves
At sudden contraction or enlargement of the pipe
section

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 Cont’d
• Friction head loss in a closed pipe system/ penstock
…….Manning equation
Where
• S is the hydraulic gradient or head loss by linear meter (hf/L)
• L is the length of the penstock (m)
• hf is the head loss due friction effect in a closed pipe
• Q is the channel discharge
• n is the Manning roughness coefficient
• Friction head loss in open pipes. Typical values of n

Where A is the cross sectional area

• P is the wetted perimeter

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 Cont’d
• Trash rack losses (Kirschmer formula)

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 Cont’d
• Head loss due to sudden contraction and expansion
– Sudden expansion loss is estimated by multiplying the
kinetic energy in the smaller pipe (section 1), by a
coefficient Kex that varies with the ratio of contraction
d/D:

– The ratio, Kex is substituted by Kc, the coefficient used for

a sudden contraction. (V1 is water speed in the smaller
pipe)
(for a ratio up to d/D = 0.76)

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Cont’d

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 Cont’d
• Coefficients for different entrance structures

• Head losses in opened valves

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 Summary
Reconnaissance

Site Reconnaissance on the project site Site Reconnaissance on the demand site

• Identification
s of system layout
Confirmation of design discharge

Selection of civil structure location

Confirmation of the head

Selection of civil structure location

Selection of power demand
Selection of generating system facilities

Examination of demand and supply balance

unbalanced
unbalanced
balanced
Rough cost estimation
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Implementation
Thank you !!!

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