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The Complex Plane Demoivre'S Theorem
The Complex Plane Demoivre'S Theorem
Plane;
DeMoivre's
Theorem
Remember a complex number has a real part and an
imaginary part. These are used to plot complex
numbers on a complex plane.
z x yi
2 2 The magnitude or modulus
z x y
of z denoted by z is the
Imaginary distance from the origin to
Axis the point (x, y).
z x yi
z The angle formed from the
y real axis and a line from the
Real origin to (x, y) is called the
x Axis argument of z, with
requirement that 0 < 2.
modified for quadrant
y
1 and so that it is
tan
x between 0 and 2
We can take complex numbers given as z x yi
and convert them to polar form. Recall the conversions:
r 3 1
2 2
4 2
5 5 1
tan 1
but in Quad II
z 2 cos i sin 3
6 6
5
6
The Principal Argument is between - and
Imaginary
Axis
1
1
tan but in Quad II
z =r 3
1 y
Real 5
3 x Axis
6
5 5
arg z principal arg
6 6
5 5
z 2 cos i sin
6 6
It is easy to convert from polar to rectangular form
because you just work the trig functions and distribute
the r through.
5 5 3 1
z 2 cos i sin 2 i 3 i
6 6 2 2
3 1
2 2 If asked to plot the point and it
is in polar form, you would
plot the angle and radius.
Look at where
r1r2 we
cosstarted
see if you can make a statement
andwhere
1 i sin 1
cos we
2
ended
as to what
i sin
happens 2
up and
to
the r 's and the 's when Must FOIL
you these two complex
multiply
r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 i sin 2 cos 1 i sin 1 cos 2 i 2 sin 1 sin 2
numbers.
Replace i 2 with -1 and group real terms and then imaginary terms
Multiply the Moduli and Add the Arguments
r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2 i
use sum formula for cos use sum formula for sin
If z 2 0, then
z1 r1
cos1 2 i sin1 2
z2 r2
(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar form,
divide the moduli and subtract the arguments)
Let z1 r1 cos 1 i sin 1 and z 2 r2 cos 2 i sin 2
be two complex numbers. Then
z1 z 2 r1r2 cos1 2 i sin 1 2
24 cos160 i sin160
If you want the answer
in rectangular
24 0.93969 0.34202i coordinates simply
compute the trig
22.55 8.21i functions and multiply
the 24 through.
z
4 cos 40 i sin 40
w 6 cos120 i sin 120
4
cos 40 120 i sin 40 120
6
divide the moduli subtract the arguments
2
cos 80 i sin 80
3
In polar form we want an angle between 0° and 180°
PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT
2
In rectangular 0.1736 0.9848i 0.12 0.66i
coordinates: 3
You can repeat this process raising
complex numbers to powers. Abraham
DeMoivre did this and proved the
following theorem:
3 i 3 i 3 i 3 i you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
together and simplify
Instead let's convert to polar form powers of i --- UGH!
and use DeMoivre's Theorem.
1
tan 1 but in Quad II 5
r 3 2 2
1 4 2 3 6
4
4
3 i 2 cos
5
6
i sin
5
2 4 cos 4 5 i sin 4 5
6
6 6
1 3
10 10 16 i
16 cos i sin 2 2
3 3
8 8 3i
Solve the following over the set of complex numbers:
3 We know that if we cube root both sides we
z 1 could get 1 but we know that there are 3
roots. So we want the complex cube roots of
1.
Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
to the following formula:
n 2 k 2 k
z k r cos i sin
n n n n
where k 0, 1, 2, , n 1
Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.
n 2 k 2 k
z k r cos i sin
n n n n
0 2k
3 0 2k
z k 1 cos i sin , for k 0, 1, 2
3 3 3 3
0 20 0 20
3
z0 1 cos i sin 1cos 0 i sin 0 1
3 3 3 3 Here's the root we
already knew.
3 0 21 0 21
z1 1 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
2 2 1 3 If you cube any of
1cos i sin i these numbers
3 3 2 2
you get 1.
3 0 22 0 22 (Try it and see!)
z 2 1 cos i sin
3 3 3 3
4 4 1 3
1cos i sin i
3 3 2 2
1 3 1 3
We found the cube roots of 1 were: 1, i, i
2 2 2 2
Let's plot these on the complex
plane about 0.9
each line is 1/2 unit
Notice each of
the complex
roots has the
same magnitude
(1). Also the
three points are
evenly spaced
on a circle. This
will always be
true of complex
roots.