UNIT TWO: PRE-NATAL

PERIOD
 OVERVIEW
In this unit, an attempt will be made to explain the
major happenings during the nine months before
birth, to emphasize the significance of the moment
of conception and to show what environmental and
psychological factors affect the course of
development.
Traditional beliefs about what would become of an unborn
child or maternal impressions, exist and somehow shape
the development of the newly formed individual as well as
the attitudes of the significant people towards him. These
beliefs represent a cultural ideology or a superstion, which
oftentimes baseless. Nevertheless, the truth is that life in
the mother’s womb is a living fetus in the process of
growth and development.
 LESSON 6:
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PRENATAL
A THREAD: PERIOD
 GROUP 3
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What is Prenatal?
- Begins at conception and ends at birth.
- Average of 270 to 280 days or nine months.
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What is Prental?
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6 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRENATAl PERIOD.

1. Hereditary endowment
2. Favorable and unfavorable conditions in the mothers’ womb
3. The sex of the newly created individual is fixed
4. Proportionally greater growth and development take place
5. A time of many hazards, physical and psychological
6. A time when significant people form attitudes
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1. HEREDITARY ENDOWNMENT
• When the sperm unites with the ovum, everything the newly
conceived individual will ever inherit from his parents ,
grandparents, and other more remote ancestors is set.
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WHAT IS FERTILIZATION?
• Is a large human cell. It is the cell that results when an egg
is fertilized. It contains 45 chromosomes arranged in 23
pairs.
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Fertilization
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WHAT IS ZYGOTE?
• Is a large human cell. It is the cell that results when an egg
is fertilized. It contains 45 chromosomes arranged in 23
pairs.
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Zygote
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2. Favorable and unfavorable conditions in the mothers’

womb.
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BEFORE PREGNANCY:
• Talk to your doctor about health problems you have now or
have had in the past.
• If you are receiving treatment for a health problem, your
health care provider might want to change the way your
health problem is managed.
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• Be sure to discuss any problems you had in any previous

pregnancy. If health problems are under control and you get
good prenatal care, you are likely to have a normal, healthy
baby.
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DURING PREGNANCY:
• Pain or burning when you use the bathroom.
• Fever, tiredness, or shakiness.
• An urge to use the bathroom often.
• Pressure in your lower belly.
• Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy or reddish.
• Nausea or back pain.
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3. The sex of the newly created individual is fixed.

• The sex of a baby is determined by its chromosome make-up at

conception. An embryo with two X chromosomes will become a
girl, while an embryo with an X-Y combination results in a boy
@bspwanwan
 GROUP 3
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4. Proportionally greater growth and development take

place.
• Growth - Refers simply to the increase in body size, both weight and
stature.
• Development- Represents changes in parameters that may or may not
depend on growth, involving a very complex series of factors: genetic,
epigenetic, nutritional, environmental and lifestyle, amongst others.
@bspwanwan
 GROUP 3
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5. A time of many hazards, Physical and Psychological

PHYSICAL HAZARDS - Are substances or activities that threaten your

physical safety. They are the most common and are present in most
workplaces at one time or another. These include unsafe conditions that can
cause injury, illness and death.
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TYPES OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS

The main factors and conditions associated with physical hazards
include:

• Body stressing • Heights

• Confined spaces • Noise
• Electricity • Vibration
• Heat
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PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARD
• Is any hazard that affects the mental well-being or mental health of the
worker by overwhelming individual coping mechanisms and impacting
the worker’s ability to work in a healthy and safe manner.
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TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

The main factors and conditions associated with psychological hazards
include:
• Stress • Aggression
• Fatigue • Harassment
• Bullying • Burnout
• Violence
LESSON 7: HOW LIFE
BEGINS
A THREAD:
 GROUP 3
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WHAT IS GENE?

• The true carriers of heredity

• 3000 genes/chromosome
• X and Y (Chromosomes)
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GENES
• The gene is the basic physical unit of inheritance. Genes are passed from
parents to offspring and contain the information needed to specify traits.
• Genes are arranged, one after another, on structures called chromosomes.
 GROUP 3
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CHROMOSOME
• A chromosome contains a single, long DNA molecule, only a portion
of which corresponds to a single gene. Humans have approximately
20,000 genes arranged on their chromosomes.
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• MATURATION
⚬ The process of chromosome reduction through cell division.

• OVULATION
⚬ The process of escape of one mature ovum during the menstrual
cycle
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• FERTILIZATION
⚬ Occurs at the time of conception. Takes place within twelve to
thirty six hours. It results from the union of a sperm cell with an
egg cell.
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PRELIMINARY STAGES:
• MALE
⚬ Maturation
⚬ Fertilization
• FEMALE
⚬ Maturation
⚬ Ovulation
⚬ Fertilization
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IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPTION\PRENATAL PERIOD

• Hereditary endowment
• Sex
• Number of offspring
• Ordinal position
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• HEREDITARY ENDOWMENT
• Hereditary endowment is the determination of the newly created
individual's hereditary. Hereditary places limits beyond which
individuals cannot go and it is entirely a matter of chance in the
number of chromosomes from the maternal or paternal side that will be
passed on to the child.
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2. SEX
• Determination of sex is the second important happening at the
time of conception. Sex depends on the kind of spermatozoon that
unites with the ovum.
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3. NUMBER OF OFFSPRING
• When a ripe ovum is fertilized by one spermatozoon, the result will
be a singleton, unless the fertilized ovum splits into two or more
distinct parts during the early stages of cell cleavage, when this
happens, the result will be identical twins, triplets or other multiple
births.
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• When two or more ova are released simultaneously and are

fertilized by different spermatozoa, the result will be non
identical twins, triplets or other multiple births.
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4. ORDINAL POSITION
• The fourth thing happening at the time of conception is the
establishment, of the new child's ordinal position among siblings,
such as the role the individual plays in the family and the treatment
received from significant family members and their attitudes.
LESSON 8: PERIODS OF THE
PRE-NATAL
A THREAD:
DEVELOPMENT
 GROUP 3
@bspwanwan

1. PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE (GEMINAL STAGE)

• Begins at conception when the sperm and egg cell unite in one of
the two fallopian tubes
• Fertilization to end of the second week
 GROUP 3
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WHAT IS ZYGOTE?
• Is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two
gametes.
• The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and
contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new
individual organism
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2. PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO (EMBRYONIC STAGE)

• End of the second week to the end of the second month or eight
weeks. It starts with the development of the first bone.
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3. PERIOD OF THE FETUS (FETAL STAGE)

• End of the second month to birth and is considered the critical

period since it is the time when the newly formed individual
becomes succeptible to damage and defects.
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• 180 to 334 DAYS

• 38 WEEKS
• 9 CALENDAR MONTHS
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• By the 38th week, the fetus is fully

developed and ready to be born. A
38-week fetus normally ranges from
36 to 51 centimeters (14–20 inches)
in length and weighs between 2.7
and 4.6 kilograms (about 6–10
pounds).
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ATTITUDES OF SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE

1. ORIGINS OF ATTITUDES

• Attitudes form directly as a result of experience. They may emerge

due to direct personal experience, or they may result from
observation.
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2. CONDITIONS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES

• Factors influencing attitude are beliefs, feelings, and action

tendencies of an individual or group of individuals towards objects,
ideas, and people.
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3. PERSISTENCE OF ATTITUDES

• The extent to which an attitude is stable over time and remains

constant in the absence of a direct challenge.
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4. EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON CHILDREN

• These attitudes presented on children may affect them in the long

run. These attitudes may become part of their behavior as they grow
up.
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5. EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES ON FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

• These attitudes presented on children may affect them in the long

run. These attitudes may become part of their behavior as they grow
up.
LESSON 9: HAZARDS DURING
PRE-NATAL
PERIOD
A THREAD:
 GROUP 3
@bspwanwan

• PHYSICAL HAZARDS - Any kind of substance and activity that may

pose danger to the mother and the baby.

These type of hazards may lead to the following:

• Zygote - Starvation, lack of uterine preparation, and implantation in the
wrong place.
• Embryo - Miscarriages and developmental irregularities.
• Fetus - Miscarriages, Prematurity, Complications of delivery and
Developmental irregularities.
 GROUP 3
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Conditions influencing Physical Hazards:

• Timing of their appearance

• Maternal malnutrition
• Maternal Age
• Kinds of Work
• Multiple births
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• TIMING OF THEIR APPEARANCE

2. MATERNAL MALNUTRITION - It is caused by insufficient food

intake, high energy expenditure, micronutrient-deficient diets and
infections.
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It increases the risk of poor pregnancy results which includes:

• Obstructed Labour
• Premature and low-weight babies
• Postpartum hemorrage
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3. MATERNAL AGE - Also known as "Advanced Maternal Age". It

refers to the woman at the age of 35 years old or older at the time she
delivers a baby.

- As the woman reaches her 30's, the quality and quantity of eggs starts to
decrease. By the time she reaches 35 years old, the eggs starts to break
down making it harder to concieve a baby.
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Some risks that are associated with Maternal Age:

• Time to conceive
• Pregnancy Loss
• Chromosomal and Physical Abnormalities
• Multiples
• Gestatonial Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Cesarean Section
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4. KINDS OF WORK - Some kind of work are safe for the mother
during the beginning of pregnancy. But as time goes on, some work
may need to be changed and stopped for the meantime.
- These are the following work that are safe during pregnancy. But must
also do it with caution:

• Desk Jobs
• Standing Work
• Work-related travel
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5. MULTIPLE BIRTHS - Refers to a woman who have given birth with

more than one baby. Particularly twins and triplets.
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- The higher the number of fetuses during pregnancy, the higher the
chance of getting complications to the babies such as:
• Gestatonial Hypertension
• Anemia
• Birth defects
• Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
• Abnormal amounts of Amniotic fluid
• Cesarean Delivery
• Postpartum Hemorrage
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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS - These are referring to hazards that

may potentially affect the mental being of a female during pre-natal
period.
 GROUP 3
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These are the following Psychological Hazards:

• Traditional Beliefs - Sex
• Maternal Stress
⚬ Heightened Genereal Emotionality
⚬ Endocrine balance, Anxiety
￭ Hyperactivity
￭ Sleeping pattern
￭ fussiness
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• Unfavorable attitudes on the part of the significant people.

⚬ Not wanting a child
⚬ Wrong time
⚬ Preference for a particular sex
⚬ "Dream child" concept
⚬ Multiple Birth
⚬ Abortion/Miiscarriage
⚬ Scorn of the child
UNIT THREE:
INFANCY
LESSON 10: CHARACTERISTICS
OF INFANCY
A THREAD:
 GROUP 3
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OVERVIEW:

According to legal standards, an infant is an individual who is a minor

until reaching the age of legal maturity. According to medical terminology, an
infant is a young child, but no specific age limits are placed on when the
individual ceases to be an infant and becomes a child.
 GROUP 3
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Many psychologists use the word infant in much the same way as members of
the medical profession do and like them fail to set an age limit on infancy.
This gives the period an ambiguous status in the life span.

The word infant suggest extreme helplessness, and will be limited to

the first few weeks of life. The newborn’s complete helplessness gradually
gives way to increasing independence.
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Infancy

• Period of the newborn

• The beginning or early period of existence as an individual rather than as
a parasite in the mother’s body
• The transition period between birth and two weeks of life
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Infant

• A child in the first period of life

• An individual who is a minor until reaching the age of legal
maturity
• A young child
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• The shortest of all developmental periods

• A time of radical adjustment
• Plateau in development
• A preview of later development
• Hazardous period