Principle of EE1

Lesson 3

Prof. Võ Văn Tới

School of Biomedical Engineering
Vice-Provost for Life and Health Science, Engineering and Technology Development
International University
Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
OTHER METHODS OF ANALYZING
RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
1. MESH VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
 R1 R2
Principle
E1 R3 E2

4
 R1
Principle
I1 I2
Kirchhoff's voltage laws for each mesh: E1 R3 E2
– E1 + R1I1 + R3I1 – R3I2 = 0 (1)
R3I2 + R2I2 + E2 – R3I1 = 0 (2)
(1) =>(R1 + R3) I1 – R 3 I2 = E1 (1’)
(2) => – R3 I1 + (R3 + R2 ) I2 = – E2 (2’)
Statement: ΣV of the sources = ΣV of the loads  Ohm’s law
(1’): Sum of resistances in mesh 1 * current of mesh 1 – Common resistance * current of the mesh 2
= Voltage of the source of mesh 1
(2’): Sum of resistances in mesh 2 * current of mesh 2 – Common resistance * current of the mesh 1
= – Voltage of the source of mesh 2
Rules:
1. Select the currents for each mesh: They must be in the same direction
2. Establish equation like (1’) and (2’) for each mesh. Attention: relation between mesh current
direction and source voltage polarity 5
 Situations and corresponding methods
i. Circuits with only voltage sources
ii. Circuits with voltage source and current sources in the
outside meshes
iii. Circuits with voltage source and current source between the
meshes => Super-mesh

6
 8V

Example 4Ω

3V 10V
1Ω 2Ω

4V 3Ω 5Ω

Determine the currents through 4V, 8V and 3V sources, and 3Ω

resistor

7
 8V
4Ω
Solution
3V I3 10V
1Ω 2Ω
1. Give currents for each mesh
2. Equation of each mesh 4V I1 3Ω I2 5Ω
M1: (1+3)I1 – 3I2 – I3 = 4 + 3 (1)
M2: – 3I1 + (3+2+5)I2 – 2I3 = – 10 (2)
M3: – I1 – 2I2 + (4+1+2)I3 = 10 – 3 – 8 (3)
3. => I1 = 1.2A; I2 = – 0.67A; I3 = – 0.16A
4. Currents through 4V = I1 = 1.2A
5. Currents through 8V = I3 = – 0.16A or Currents through 8V is 0.16A
6. Currents through 3V = I1 – I 3 = 1.2 + 0.16 = 1.36A
7. Currents through 3Ω = I1 – I2 = 1.2 + 0.67 = 1.87 A 8
 6V
12Ω
Example
14A 6Ω 3Ω 2A

Determine the currents through 3Ω resistor

Note: there are current sources in outside meshes

9
 6V
12Ω
Solution
14A I1 6Ω I2 3Ω I3 2A

1. Give currents for each mesh

2. Equation of each mesh
• M1: I1 = 14 (1)
• M2: – 6I1 + (6 + 12 + 3)I2 – 3I3 = – 6 (2)
• M3: I3 = – 2 (3)
3. => I2 = 4 A
= I2 – I3 = 4 – (– 2) = 6A
4. Currents through 3Ω
10
 2V

Example 8V
A 1Ω

6Ω

11Ω 1A 10Ω 3A

Determine the voltage VA

Note: there is a current source between 2 meshes => super-mesh

11
 2V

Solution 8V
I4
A 1Ω

6Ω

11Ω 1A 10Ω 3A
1. Give currents for each mesh I1 I2 I3
2. Supermesh (1) and (2)
3. Equation of each mesh
• M1 + M2: (11+1)I1 + (6 + 10)I2 – 10I3 – 6I4 = 8 (1)
• M3: I3 = – 3 (2)
• M4: – 6I2 + 6I4 = 2 (3)
• I2 – I1 = 1 (1A>0-> up minus down) (4)
4. => I1 = – 1.4A; I2 = – 0.4A; I4 = – 0.07A
5. VA = 11 x 1.4 = 15V 12
2. NODE VOLTAGE METHOD
 R2
Principle I2
I R1 I1

14
 R2 B
Principle
A

I2
I R1 I1
Kirchhoff’s curent laws for node A:
I1 + I2 = I
A + (VA – VB) = I (1)

(1) => ( + ) VA – VB = I (1’)

Statement: ΣI of the sources = ΣI of the loads  Ohm’s law

Sum of conductance at node A * voltage of A – Common conductance * voltage of B = Current
of the source that goes to A
Rules:
1. Identify all nodes and ground the biggest node
2. Establish equation like (1’) for each node. Attention: direction of current source: positive if
source goes in and negative if source goes out the node 15
 Situations and corresponding methods
i. Circuits with only current sources
ii. Circuits with current sources and voltage source connected
to ground
iii. Circuits with current sources and voltage source between 2
nodes => Super-node

16
 2V

Example I1

3Ω

4A 2Ω 1Ω I2 4Ω 1A

Determine the currents I1 and I2

17
 3A

Solution A I1 B
1. Identify all nodes
3Ω
2. Equation for each node
A: ( + ) VA – VB = 4 + 3 (1)
4A 2Ω 1Ω I2 4Ω 1A

B: – VA + (1 + + )VB = – 3 – 1 (2)
=> VA = 8.07V; VB = – 0.83V
=> I1 = = = 3A
I2 = = 0.83A

18
 4Ω

Example 2A

1Ω 2Ω

Determine the voltages VA and VB C B

A
3A 5A
Note: There is a voltage source with 4V
3Ω 5Ω
one polarity connected to the ground

19
 4Ω

Solution 2A

1. Identify all nodes 1Ω 2Ω

2. Equation for each node

B
A: ( + ) VA – VB – VC = – 2 – 5 (1) C A
3A 5A
B: – VA + ( + + )VB – VC = 3 + 5 (2) 4V
3Ω 5Ω

C: VC = 4

=>VA = – 3.4V
VB = 5.6V

20
 PRACTICE
Calculate voltage V across 8Ω and current I through 12Ω

6Ω 4Ω

12Ω

8Ω 6A
6V
24V

21
 PRACTICE (sol.)
Calculate voltage V across 8Ω and current I through 12Ω
• Identify all nodes
• Ground big node
• VA = 6V
• VD = -24V A 6Ω B 4Ω c
• Node B: - VA + ( + + )VB - VC - VD = 0 12Ω

• Node C: - VB + ( + )VC = 6 6V
D
8Ω 6A
24V
• => VB = 9V; VC = 22V = V
• I = (VB – VD)/12 = [9 – (-24)]/12 = 2.75A

22
 4Ω
A B

Example 2A

2Ω C

I 6V
Determine the voltages VA and
4A 5Ω
current I 3Ω 1Ω

Note: There is a voltage source

between 2 nodes => super-node

23
 4Ω
A B

Solution 2A

1. Identify all nodes 2Ω C

2. Super-node B and C
I 6V
3. Equation for each node
4. A: ( + ) VA – VB – VC = – 2 (1) 4A 1Ω 5Ω
3Ω
5. B&C: – V + ( + )V – VA = 2 – 4 (2)
A B + ( + VC

6. C: VB – VC = 6 (3)

=> VA = – 2.9V; VB = 2.4V; VC = – 3.6V

I = (VA – VC) / 2 = (– 2.9 + 3.6) / 2 = 0.35A

24
 2V
8A
Example
A B C

1Ω 6Ω

Determine the voltage VA

11Ω 1A 10Ω 3A
Note: There is a voltage source
between 2 nodes => super-node

25
 2V
8A
Solution
A B C

1Ω 6Ω
1. Identify all nodes
2. Super-node B and C
3. Equation for each node
11Ω 1A 10Ω 3A
4. A: () VA – VB = – 8 (1)
5. B & C: – VA + VB + VC = 1 + 8 + 3 (2)
6. C: VC – VB = 2 (3)
ÞVA = 15V

Note: Why did we ignore 6Ω in (2)?

B & C: – VA + () VB – VC + () VC – VB = 1 + 8 + 3
– VA + () VB + VC = 1 + 8 + 3 (2) 26
3. SOURCE CONVERSION (TRANSFORMATION)
METHOD
Method

R A A

E I R

B B

28
 Method
a) Thevenin form (with E and R in series) => Norton form: I = E/R and R in parallel
b) Norton form (with I and R in parallel) => Thevenin form: E = IR and R in series

R A A

Warning: do not converse the question E I R

B B

R A A

E R
I
B 29 B
 Example 8Ω

A 2Ω B C

I
4V 8Ω
16Ω 2A
Determine the current I
F E D

30
 Solution
8Ω
16V
8Ω
A 2Ω B C
B C

I
4V 8Ω
16Ω 2A

F E D

31
 Solution
8Ω
16V 16V
8Ω B 8Ω C 16V
A 2Ω B C 16Ω
B C B D

I 8Ω
4V 8Ω
16Ω 2A
D B
F E D

16Ω 1A

I = (4 + 8) / (2 + 8) = 1.2A D

2Ω B B
B B

4V I 8V 1A 16Ω 16Ω 1A
8V 8Ω
8Ω
8Ω
E E E D
F E
32
 Example 25Ω

8A
250V 20Ω
125Ω 100Ω V
Determine the voltage V 10Ω

33
 Solution
25Ω 25Ω

8A
250V 20Ω 250V 20Ω
125Ω 100Ω V 8A 100Ω
10Ω

V = 2 X 10 = 20V 2A 10Ω V 10A 25Ω 8A 100Ω V 20Ω

34
4. SUPERPOSITION METHOD
 Principle
The superposition principle: For all linear systems, the net
response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the
responses that would have been caused by each stimulus
individually => to test the linearity of a function.

36
 Test the linearity
Is function Y = 2X linear? Is Y = 2X2 linear?
X1 = 1 => Y1 = 2 X1 = 1 => Y1 = 2
X2 = 2 => Y2 = 4 X2 = 2 => Y2 = 8

If X3 = X1 + X2 = 3 X3 = X1 + X2 = 3
Is Y3 = Y1 + Y2 i.e., Y3 = 2 + 4 = 6? Is Y3 = Y1 + Y2 i.e., Y3 = 2 + 8 = 10?
Test: X3 = 3 => Y3 = 6 Test: X3 = 3 => Y3 = 18
Conclusion: This function is linear Conclusion: This function is nonlinear

37
 Superposition theorem
In an electrical circuit with many sources, the voltage or
current is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused
by each independent source acting alone.

38
 Method
1. Keep one source, kill other voltage and current sources
Kill voltage Kill current
source V=0 source I=0

2. Calculate voltage or current due to the remained source

3. Repeat the same with another source until the last source
4. Sum the results.
Warning: Apply to calculate only V or I (V = RI) but not P = RI2

39
 Example
12V 12V
7Ω 7Ω

Keep 12V
3Ω I12 5Ω Kill 3A => OC
3A 3Ω I 5Ω I12 = = 0.8A

7Ω

Keep 3A
Kill 12V => SC
I = I12 + I3 3A 3Ω 5Ω I3 = – 3 = – 0.6A
I3
= 0.8 – 0.6 = 0.2A

40
 Example
A

I
12Ω 12Ω

Determine the current I 6A B C

24V
6Ω 15Ω

41
 Solution
A A A

I I6 I24
12Ω 12Ω 12Ω
12Ω 12Ω 12Ω

6A B C B C
6A B C
24V 24V
24V 6Ω 6Ω 15Ω
15Ω
6Ω 15Ω

I = I6 + I24 Keep 6A Keep 24V

Kill 24V => SC Kill 6A => OC
= 3 – 1 = 2A Current divider: Ohm’s law
I6 = 3A I24 = – 24/(12+12) = – 1A

42
 Solution

6V 6V
2Ω B 3Ω C 3Ω
A 2Ω B C
A
V V6
Req = 1.5Ω
6Ω 18V 2A 6Ω

D
D
V = V6 + V18 + V2
Keep 6V
=4 Kill 2A => OC; kill 18V => SC
Voltage divider V6 = 6 = 4V

43
 Solution

6V
2Ω B 3Ω 2Ω B 3Ω C
C A
V18
V Keep 18V
6Ω 18V Kill 2A => OC; kill 6V => SC
6Ω 18V 2A
Voltage divider:
V18 = 18 =3V
D
D
B B 3Ω C/A 6Ω D
V = V6 + V18 + V2 V18
=4+3 18V A
2Ω

D
44
 Solution

6V 2Ω B 3Ω C
A
V2
2Ω B 3Ω C
6Ω 2A
V
6Ω 18V 2A D

C C/A 3Ω B/D Keep 2A

D V2 Kill 6V => SC; kill 18V => SC
Req = 1Ω
V = V6 + V18 + V2 C/A
2Ω
B/D
V2 = – 2 X 1 = – 2 V
2A C/A
= 4 + 3 – 2 = 5V 6Ω
B/D

B/D
45
 Example A

6V I3 2Ω 12V
Determine the currents I1, I2 and I3
I2 B
1Ω 9A
C I1 3Ω D

46
 Solution A

6V I3 2Ω 12V
I1 = I1.6 + I1.12 + I1.9
I2 B
1Ω 9A
I2 = I2.6 + I2.12 + I2.9 C I1 3Ω D

I3 = I3.6 + I3.12 + I3.9

47
 Solution A A

2Ω
I3
6V B
6V I3 2Ω 1Ω
I1 = I1.6 + I1.12 + I1.9 I2 I1
I2 B C 3Ω D
=2+… 1Ω

I2 = I2.6 + I2.12 + I2.9 C I1 3Ω D

=2+…
I3 = I3.6 + I3.12 + I3.9
=–2+…

48
 Solution A

I3 2Ω 12V
I1 = I1.6 + I1.12 + I1.9
I2 B
=2–4+… 1Ω

I2 = I2.6 + I2.12 + I2.9 C I1 3Ω D

=2+0+…
I3 = I3.6 + I3.12 + I3.9
=–2+0+…

49
 Solution A

D A C
I3 I2
I3 2Ω 9A 2Ω 1Ω
I1 = I1.6 + I1.12 + I1.9
I2 B
B
= 2 – 4 + 0 = – 2A 1Ω 9A
I2 = I2.6 + I2.12 + I2.9 C I1 3Ω D

= 2 + 0 + 6 = 8A
I3 = I3.6 + I3.12 + I3.9
= – 2 + 0 + 3 = 1A

50
5. THEVENIN AND NORTON METHODS

51
 Concept of networks
I A
Linear network A
VAB Linear network B
(network source) (network load)
B
I A
Rth
Thevenin
equivalent
Vth VAB Linear network B
(network load)
B
I A
Norton
IN RN VAB Linear network B
equivalent (network load)
B 52
 Example 7Ω
12V

R1oad
Determine the current I 3A 3Ω I 5Ω

53
 Solution
12V A
7Ω
7Ω
A Remove the load and kill all sources
3Ω
RAB = Rth = 7 + 3 = 10Ω
Rth R1oad B

3A 3Ω AI 5Ω A
Vth 7Ω
12V
B
3A 3Ω Put back all sources
B
Calculate VAB
B
10Ω
A 3Ω 7Ω
A

I = = 0.2A 3V I RL = 5Ω 12V VAB = Vth = 12 – 9 = 3V

9V

B
B 54
 Norton equivalent circuit
Statement: A
1. RN = Resistance of the dead network
IN RN IN
2. IN = IAB|sc
B
Method:
3. Remove the load
4. Kill all sources then calculate Req looked from A and B => RN
5. Put back all sources, short circuit AB then calculate IAB|sc => IN

55
 Example 7Ω
12V

R1oad
Determine the current I 3A 3Ω I 5Ω

56
 Solution
12V A
7Ω
7Ω
A Remove the load and kill all sources
3Ω
RAB = RN = 7 + 3 = 10Ω

A
R1oad B

3A 3Ω I 5Ω A
IN RN 7Ω
B 12V
IN
Put back all sources
3A 3Ω
SC AB
B
Calculate IAB
B

A 3Ω 7Ω
A
I
I = 0.3 = 0.2A 0.3A 10Ω 5Ω 9V
12V
IN
IAB = IN = = 0.3A
B
B 57
 Example 8Ω 12Ω
A

RL =
10V
Determine the current I 30V
5.2Ω
I

58
 Solution for Thevenin equivalent
8Ω A 12Ω
8Ω
8Ω A 12Ω
A
Calculate Rth Req
Req 12Ω
RL = Rth = = 4.8Ω B
5.2Ω 10V
B
30V I C
8Ω A 12Ω

Calculate Vth
B Vth = VAB = VAC VAB 10V
30V
4.8Ω 8 = 16V
A Vth = VAB = 16 – 30 = – 14V B

I = = – 1.4A
14V RL = 5.2Ω

B
59
 Solution for Norton equivalent
8Ω 12Ω 8Ω A 12Ω
A
RN = Rth = 4.8Ω
RL = IN
10V Calculate IN 10V
5.2Ω
30V 30V
I IN = – = A

B B
A

A RL= I = – = – 1.4A
4.8Ω
5.2Ω
I
B 60
Maximum power transfer theorem (when RL varies)
1. When RL = Rth
Rth
2. PLmax =

Power transfer efficiency Vth RL

η= =

61
 Example 10Ω

100V RL
Find PLmax
If PL = 160W find RL and η

62
 Solution 10Ω
• PLmax = = 250 W
• PL = RL I2
100V RL
• = RL () = 160
2

• or RL2 – 42.5 RL +100 = 0

• => Solutions: RL = 40Ω and 2.5Ω
• η==
 For RL = 40Ω => η1 = 100 = 80%
 For RL = 2.5Ω => η2 = 100 = 20%

• => Take RL = 40Ω to have η = 80% for the same power. 63

Võ Văn Tới
School of Biomedical Engineering
International University of Vietnam National Universities
HCM City, Vietnam
Email: vvtoi@hcmiu.edu.vn
Website: www.hcmiu.edu.vn/bme

64
REVIEW
1. Voltage across A and B. Current through an element
2. Voltage => polarity: + -
3. Current => direction
4. Polarity of voltage direction of current
5. Voltage of the ground = 0 V. The ground is a reference => safety
6. We can take any point as the ground
A A A

VAB = +5V VA = +5V VA = - 5V

VBA = - 5V
B

7. VA: voltage of A with respect to ground; VAB: voltage of A with

respect to B => VAB = VA – VB
8. VAB = VAC + VCB = VAC – VBC
66
• Source vs. load

B A

VA > V B VA > V B

Load 67
Connections: Series, Parallel, Arbitrary

68
1. Sources: DC, AC

2. Switch: closed, open

3. Circuit: closed, open

69
 Electric current
Definition: current is the rate of charge

• : Current, unit: Ampere [A]

• : Charge, unit: Coulomb [C]
• : time, unit: second [s].

70
 Voltage
Definition: voltage is energy per charge

• : voltage, unit: Volt [V]

• : Energy, unit: Joule [J]
• : Charge, unit: Coulomb [C]

71
 Power
Definition: power is the rate of energy

• : power, unit: Watt [W]

• : energy, unit: Joule [J]
• : time, unit: second [s].

72
 R1 =10KΩ
Voltage division: V1 = 5V
12V
R2 V1 = V

Current division: I I1 I2

I1 = I and I2 = I R1 R2

73
Kirchhoff’s Current law (deal with node)

1. ΣI = 0 or ΣIin = ΣIout
2. Convention: Sign + for current entering a node; sign – for
current leaving a node

I1 I3

I4
I2

3. I1 + I2 + I4 – I3 = 0
4. I1 + I2 + I4 = I3
74
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (deal with loop or mesh)

• Sum of voltage in a loop or mesh is zero: ΣV = 0

+ V2 - + V3 -
+ -
V1 V4
- +
+ V5 -

• – V1 + V2 + V3 – V4 –V5 = 0

75
 Power dissipated
𝑃=𝑉𝐼

76
 A 50Ω B A 50Ω B 50Ω
A B

200V 200V 200V

100Ω 100Ω

C
C C

VAB = VAC = 200V VAB = 0 VAB = 0

VBC = 0 VAC = VBC = 200V VBC = VAC = 200V
A 50Ω B 50Ω A 50Ω B
50Ω A B D
A B

200V 200V 200V

200V
300Ω 150Ω 150Ω
150Ω 300Ω

C C C C E C

VAB = 50 V VAB = 50V VAB = 50V VAB = VAC = 200V

VBC = 150V VBC = 150V VDE = VBC = 150V VBC = 0V 77
1. MESH VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
 Situations and corresponding methods
i. Circuits with only voltage sources
ii. Circuits with voltage source and current sources in the
outside meshes
iii. Circuits with voltage source and current source between the
meshes => Super-mesh

79
2. NODE CURRENT ANALYSIS
 Situations and corresponding methods
i. Circuits with only current sources
ii. Circuits with current sources and voltage source connected
to ground
iii. Circuits with current sources and voltage source between 2
nodes => Super-node

81
3. SOURCE CONVERSION (TRANSFORMATION)
 Principle and Method
a) Thevenin form (with E and R in series) => Norton form: I = E/R and R in parallel
b) Norton form (with I and R in parallel) => Thevenin form: E = IR and R in series

R A A

Warning: do not converse the question E I R

B B

R A A

E R
I
B 83 B
4. SUPERPOSITION METHOD
 Principle and Method
1. Keep one source, kill other voltage and current sources
Kill voltage Kill current
source V=0 source I=0

2. Calculate voltage or current due to the remained source

3. Repeat the same with another source until the last source
4. Sum the results.
Warning: Apply to calculate only V or I (V = RI) but not P = RI2

85
5. THEVENIN AND NORTON METHODS

86
 Concept of networks
I A
Linear network A
VAB Linear network B
(network source) (network load)
B
I A
Rth
Thevenin
equivalent
Vth VAB Linear network B
(network load)
B
I A
Norton
IN RN VAB Linear network B
equivalent (network load)
B 87
Maximum power transfer theorem (when RL varies)
1. When RL = Rth
Rth
2. PLmax =

Power transfer efficiency Vth RL

η= =

88