Module 4-BINARY

SYSTEM AND
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
Digital computer and digital system
• Digital computer is a digital system ,which can perform any computational
task.
• Digital computer uses binary number system, which has two digits 0 and
1.
• Binary digit is called as bit.
• In digital computer , information is represented in group of bits.
• By using various coding techniques, group of bits can be made to
represent not only binary no’s but also other discrete symbol such as
decimal digit or letter of alphabets, arithmetic operation, punctuation.
• Digital computer is an interconnection of digital module.
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Binary Numbers
• In Computer we can represent a numbers in four different way such
as binary , decimal, octal, hexadecimal.
• Computer can understand binary numbers along with that we can
represent decimal, octal, hexadecimal as well.

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Complements
• Complements are used in digital computer, to perform subtraction
operation and logical manipulation.
• There are two types of complements:
• r’s and (r-1)’s complement.
• r is stands for radix or base of the complement.
• r’s complement also called radix complement and refers 2’s and 10’s
complement.
• (r-1)’s complements also called diminished radix complement and
refers 1’s and 9’s complement.

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Binary code
• Binary code is a computer code that uses binary number system. The
instruction, text and data are translated into binary code.
• Binary code have two digits : 1 and 0
• This code is easily understandable by the computer.
• Example:
• 1100

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• Classification of binary code:
• Binary coded decimal(BCD)
• BCD is a straight assignment of the binary
equivalent.
• It is possible to assign weights to the binary bits
according to their positions.
• It stores 4bit value.
• It takes 8,4,2,1 position.
• Example: 1000 1100.

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• Reflected code:
• Digital systems can be designed to process data in discrete
form only.
• Many physical systems supply continuous output data.
• These data must be converted into digital or discrete form
before they are applied to a digital system.
• Continuous or analog information converted into digital
using analog to digital converter.
• It is sometimes convenient to use the reflected code to
represent the digital data converted from the analog data.

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• n least significant bit for 2n through 2n+1-1 are the mirror images of
those 0 to 2n-1 .
• For example: Gray code of 3bit

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• Excess-3 code:
• Can be obtained by adding(+3) to each decimal digit and
then convert result into 4 bit binary is called as Excess-3
code.
• Example :25
• 2 + 3=5=0101
• 5 + 3=8=1000
• 25=0101 1000

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• Error-detection codes
• Signals or digital computer input or output may be
transmitted through some form of communication
medium such as wires or radio waves.
• Any external noise introduced into a physical
communication- changes bit values from 0 to 1 or vice
versa.
• An error-detection code can be used to detect errors
during transmission. The detected error cannot be
corrected, but its presence is indicated.

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 • Example :parity
• A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to
make the total number of 1’s either odd or even.
• If total no of 1’s is odd then it set to 0.
• If total no of 1’s is even then it set to 1.

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• Alpha numeric codes
• Alpha numeric codes are the code which represents
alphanumeric information that is letters of alphabets,
decimal numbers in the sequence of 0’s and 1’s

• Example: ASCII, EBCDIC

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 • Ascii code:
• ASCII stands for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
• It is a 7 bit code used extremely for printers and
small computer systems.
• This code includes: 1)decimal digits
2)Upper and lower case alphabets.
3)Other symbols

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 • EBCDI CODE:
• Extended binary coded decimal Interchange code.
• It is a 8 bit code .
• This code includes: 1)decimal digits
2)Upper and lower case alphabets.
3)Other symbols
• The eighth bit invariably added for parity.

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Binary Storage and Register
• The digital system must be able to physically store some information.
When discrete element of information are represented in binary form,
the information storage medium must contain binary storage element
for storing individual bits.
• Binary cell: A device that possesses two stable states.
• Cell input: Received data and control signals that set it into one of the
states.
• Cell output: physically quantity indicating which state the cell is in.
• States are encoded as binary digits[0,1]

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Register:
• A register is a group of binary cells. Since a cell stores one bit of
information, it follows that a register with n cells can store any
discrete quantity of information that contain n bit .
• It is 16 bit register it can store from 216-1
• 1 byte is 8 bit
• 16 bit is 2 byte

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• Register Transfer
• A digital computer is characterized by its registers.
• The memory unit is a collection of thousands of registers for storing
digital information.
• The processor unit is composed of various registers that store
operands upon which operations are performed.
• The control unit uses registers to keep track of various computer
sequences, and every input or output device must have at least one
register to store the information transferred to or from the device.
• A basic operation in digital systems, consists of a transfer of the
information stored in one register into another.

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Binary logic
• Binary logic consist of binary variables and logical operations.
• The variable having two distinct possible values such as 0 and 1.
• There are three logical operations
• AND
• OR
• NOT

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• AND Operation
• This operation represented by dot or by the absence of an
operator.
For example:
• x.y=z or xy=z
• The value of z=1 only when if x=1 and y=1 otherwise z=0

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• OR Operation
• This operation represented by + sign.
For example:
• x+y = z
• The value of z=1 either x=1 or if y=1 or if both x=1 and
y=1.if both x=0 and y=0 then z=0.

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• NOT operation
• This operation represented by prime or some times by bar.
• For example:

• X is not equal to z.
• The value of z opposite of x. if the value of x=0 then value of z=1.

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• Truth table is a mathematical table of all possible combination of the
variables showing the relation between the values that the variable
may take and the result of the operation.

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Switching circuits and binary signals
• Use of binary variables and application of binary logic are
demonstrated by the simple switching circuits.
• The manual switches A and B represents two binary variables with
values equal to 0. when the switches is open and 1 when the switches
is off.
• Similarly , let the Lamp L represents a third binary variable equal to 1
when light is on and 0 when off.

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Logic Gates
• Electronic digital circuits are also called logic circuits.
• Logic circuits that perform the logical operations of AND, OR , NOT.
• These circuits are called Gates, these are blocks of hardware that
produce a logic-1 or logic-0 output signal if input logic requirements
are satisfied.

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Input output signals for AND,OR, NOT

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• Digital circuits are always constructed with IC.
• IC is a small silicon semiconductor crystal called a chip, containing
electrical components such as transistors, diodes, resistors,
capacitors.
• These components are interconnected inside the chip to form an
electronic circuits.
• Two types of packages:
1. Flat Package
2. Dual in line package(DIP)

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• The size of IC package is very small .
• For example: 4 AND gates are enclosed inside a 14 pin dual-in-line
package with dimensions of 20 X 8 X 3 millimetres.
• The entire microprocessor is enclosed within a 40pin dual-in-line
package with the dimensions of 50 X 15 X 4 millimetres.
• Advantages of IC
Cost is very low.
Reduced power consumption.
High reliability against failure.
Operating speed is high.
Reduces the external connection.

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• Classified into two general categories.
• Linear IC
• Digital IC

• Some Ic’s have few internal gates and those having tens or hundreds
of gates is made by customary reference to package.
• Small Scale Integration(SSI)
• Medium Scale Integration(MSI)
• Large Scale Integration(LSI)
• Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)

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Digital Logic Gates:

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