BRAIN IMPLANTS

Presented by;
NESEKA.S
19BMR048
 CONTENT
 Introduction
 Purpose
 Various purpose
 Brain implants for memory
 Working for PMD
 Brain implants for depression
 Brain implants for vision
 Brain implants for hearing
 Bionic ear
 Brain implants for paralysis
 Brain implants for epilepsy
 Neuro ethics
 Advantage
 Disadvantage
 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

 The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals,
but is larger than any other in relation to body size.
 Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms,
but when measured using the encephalization quotient which compensates for body
size, the human brain is almost twice as large as the brain of the bottlenose dolphin,
and three times as large as the brain of a chimpanzee.
 Much of the expansion comes from the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex,
especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as
self- control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought.
 The portion of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision is also greatly enlarged in
humans.
 Brain implants, often referred to as neural implants, are technological devices that
connect directly to a biological subjects brain - usually placed on the surface of the
brain, or attached to the brains cortex.
 PURPOSE

 Brain implants electrically stimulate, block or record (or both record and
stimulate simultaneously) signals from single neurons or groups of neurons
(biological neural networks) in the brain.
 The blocking technique is called intra-abdominal vagal blocking.
 This can only be done where the functional associations of these neurons are
approximately known.
 Because of the complexity of neural processing and the lack of access to
action potential related signals using neuroimaging techniques, the
application of brain implants has been seriously limited until recent advances
in neurophysiology and computer processing power.
 VARIOUS PURPOSE

 For Mind Control.

 For depression.
 For seizures.
 For epilepsy.
 For Parkinsons.
 For hearing.
 For vision.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR MEMORY

 First brain implant-1874 Ohio , U.S.A.

 PMD-useful for mankind to some extent.
 For old age people.
 Microchips are inserted into the brain.
 Can help to track people.
 PMD helps to store first memory.
 PMD helps to detect biometric data , pulse respiration monitor mood.
 Facial gestures and voice pitch can be recorded and tracked to sense subtle
emotional reaction to stimulus.
 WORKING FOR PMD

 Microchips are generally used to control the brain.

 Specific frequencies are sent to the brain.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR DEPRESSION

 Deep brain stimulation, or DBS - targets a small brain structure known as

Area 25, the "ringleader" for the brain circuits that control our moods.
 Electrodes can reset the mood from sad to normal.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR VISION

 A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental

visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from
partial or total blindness.
 Visual prosthetics are being developed as a potentially valuable aid for
individuals with visual degradation.
 The ability to give sight to a blind person via a bionic eye depends on the
circumstances surrounding the loss of sight.
 Candidates for visual prosthetic implants find the procedure most successful
if the optic nerve was developed prior to the onset of blindness.
 Persons born with blindness may lack a fully developed optical nerve, which
typically develops prior to birth.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR HEARING

 The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic nerve) is a nerve in the head
that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain.
 It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve the 8th cranial nerve which is found
in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the
vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the
semicircular canals.
 It is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the
environment.
 BIONIC EAR

 A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound
to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing.
 Having severe to profound sensorineural hearing impairment in both ears.
 Having a functioning auditory nerve.
 Having lived at least a short amount of time without hearing.
 Having good speech, language, and communication skills, or in the case of infants and young
children, having a family willing to work toward speech and language skills with therapy not
benefitting enough from other kinds of hearing aids, including latest models of high power hearing
instruments and FM systems.
 Having good speech, language, and communication skills, or in the case of infants and young
children, having a family willing to work toward speech and language skills with therapy not
benefitting enough from other kinds of hearing aids, including latest models of high power hearing
instruments and FM systems.
 Having no medical reason to avoid surgery.
 Living in or desiring to live in the "hearing world“.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR PARALYSIS

 Implant that directly controls a reaching and gripping robotic arm by sensing
and decoding the patients brain signals.
 The work is part of a US clinical trial of an experimental implant called Brain
Gate that doctors see as a first step towards devices that can bypass damage
to the nervous system and allow paralyzed people to regain control of their
limbs or amputees to move prosthetics.
 BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR EPILEPSY

 Epilepsy causes repeated, sudden seizures, people with the condition would
benefit greatly from a therapy that can detect seizures just as they are
starting or, eventually, predict them before they begin and prevent them
from happening.
 Closed-loop devices are STIMULATING: A new considered a new frontier in
generation of implantable "closed- epilepsy treatment because of loop"
devices are designed to monitor the seizure focus, detect patterns of their
responsiveness.
 Electrical activity that indicate a seizure is beginning, and quickly respond
without external intervention.
 NEUROETHICS

 Security
 Privacy
 Side effects
 Cost of the implants
 Uses of animals
 ADVANTAGE

 It will increase the dynamic ranging of senses.

 Giving light to blind and giving paralyzed patients full mental control of
limbs.
 No genetic modifications in the next generation.
 Rescue missions.
 Brain implants enhance capability of human organs and senses.
 This made easier life for the people which are physically are mentally disable.
 DISADVANTAGE

 Expensive.
 Risky in surgery.
 Not wireless yet.
 Difficulty in adaptation and learning.
 Limitation in information rate.
 The latest technology is 20 bits/min.
 CONCLUSION

 It has a significant role to play in future genetic Engineering fields and

neuroscience.
 The implants may enhance Your capabilities, but they will expire when you
do.