Presentation on O LED

(Organic Light Emitting Diode)

By
 Indraj N
Guided by
4GM20EC037
Rajappa H S .prof Dept of
ECE  Karthik K S
4GM20EC044
 K V Karthik
Organic Light Emitting Diode (O
LED)
• History of LED and LCD
• Introduction to O LEDs
• Components
• How O LED is prepared ?
• How does O LED work ?
• Types of O LED
• Advantages
• Drawbacks
• Applications
 History of LED and LCD
• In last 40 years inorganic Silicon and Gallium Arsenide semiconductors ,
Silica dioxide, insulators and metals such as Al, Cu has been the backbone of
the semiconductors industry .
• However there has been a growing research effort in “Organic electronic” to
improve the semiconducting and light emitting properties of organic and
hybrids. Through novel synthesis ,and assembly techniques
• If we review the growth of the electronics industry , it is clear that
invocative organic materials have been essential to the unparallel
performance include in semiconductors, storage, and display at the consist
lower costs that we see today .
 Introduction to O LED
 O LED is also called as Light Emitting Polymer (LEP)and Organic Electronic
Luminescent (OEL) a any LED whose emissive electroluminescent layer is
comprised of a film of organic compounds to be deposited in rows and columns
onto a flat carrier by a simple “printing process” which in result matrix pixels
can emit light of different colors.
 Such system can be used in television screen, displays, portable system screens,
advertising, information and indication. O LED can also be used in light source
for general space illumination, and large-area Light Emitting Elements.
 O LED is similar to old-fashioned LED’s- put a low voltage across them and
they glow.
 OLED’s can provide brighter, crisper display on electronic devices and use less
power than conventional LED or LCD is used today
 O LED Components
 O LED is a solid state semiconductors device that is 100-
500 nanometers thick or about 200times smaller than a
human hair .
 O LED can have either 2 layer and 3 layer of organic
material in latter design . 3 layered helps in transporting
electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer
 O LED Parts
 Substrate : Basement ,this substate supports the O LED which is made of clear
plastic, glass, foil.
 Anode : This is made transparent where it removes electron when a current
flows through the device .
 Organic layer : These are made of Organic molecule or polymers.
 Conducting layer : Made of organic plastic molecules that transport electron
from cathode . This is where the light is made.
 Cathode : maybe or may not be transparent in which the cathode injects
electron when a current flows through the devices.
 How does O LED is prepared?

The major part of its manufacturing of these is applying the organic

layer to the to the substrate which is done in 3 layer technology
majorly it is done by 3 ways
 Vacuum deposition or Vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE)
 Organic vapors phase deposition
 Inkjet printing
 Vacuum deposition /
Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
 (VTE)
In a vacuum chamber the organic molecule are gently
heated and allowed to condense as thin films onto cooled
substrates
 Which is very expensive and inefficient
 Organic Vapor Phase Deposition
 In a low pressure , Hot-Walled reactor chamber, a carrier
gas transport evaporated organic molecule onto cooled
substrate where they condense into thin film using a
carrier gas.
 Where the carrier gas increase the efficiency and reduces
the cost.
 Inkjet Printing
 Within the Inkjet printing technology, O LED’s are
sprayed onto the substrate just like ink is sprayed onto
paper during printing .
 This technology greatly reduces the cost of O LED
manufacturing and allows O LED to be printed onto very
large films for large displays like 80-inch T V screens or
electronic billboards.
 How does O LED emit light ?
a. It emits light though a process called “ELETROPHOSPHORESCENCE”
b. What is “ELETROPHOSPHORESCENCE” ?
c. It is the phenomenon or a form of phosphorescence which is especially in
doped in LED’s that is triggered by electric charge.
d. The battery of the device containing the O LED applies the voltage across the
O LED .
e. An electric current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic
layer.
i. The cathode gives the electron to emissive layers of organic molecules .
ii. The anode remove the electron from the conductive layer of organic molecules
 How does it emit light ?
6. At boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers of
electron ,find the electron holes. When an electron find an electron
hole it fill the hole and fill the missing energy level of the atom
7. when this happens the electron gives up energy in the from of
photon of light which will emit the light.
8. The colour of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in
the emissive layer
9. The intensity or the brightness of the light depends on the amount
of electrical current applied ; the more ‘I’ more the light .
 Types of O LED’s
There are mainly 6 types of O LED’s they are
i. Passive-Matrix O LED
ii. Active-Matrix O LED
iii. Transparent O LED
iv. Top-emitting O LED
v. Foldable O LED
vi. White O LED
 Passive matrix O LED (PMOLED)
 This is easy to make consume more power than other O LED.
 Most efficient for text and icon and are the best suited for small screen
which are found in cell phone PDA’s & Mp3 players.
 Even with external circuitry passive matrix O LED consume less battery
power than the LCD’s that currently power these devices.
 Active-Matrix O LED (AMOLED)
 AMOLED consumes less power than PMOLED’s because the TFT array
requires less power than the external circuitry, so they are efficient for large
displays.
 These also have faster refresh rates suitable for video the best uses for
AMOLED’s are computer monitors . Large screen TV’s and electronic signals
and billboards
 Transparent O LED
 As the name itself indicates that its manufactured by the transparent
components and when they turned off they are 85% transparent due to their
substrate.
 When it is turned on it will spread light in both direction.
 This can be either be an Active or Passive Matrix.
 Top-Emitting O LED
 These have an opaque or reflective. They are best suited to
active design.
 Manufacture may use these LED displays in Smart cards.
 Foldable O LED

 These are substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics.

Foldable O LED’s are light weight and durable.
 These are used in cell-phones and PDA’s which can reduce the breakage
a major cause for return and repair
 These can be attached to the fabrics
 White O LED
 Emits light more brighter and uniformly and more energy efficient that the
fluorescent lights these have the true color qualities of an incandescent
lighting.
 Because O LED’s can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent
lights that are currently used in homes and buildings.
 Reduces the cost of lighting.
 Advantages of using O LED
 The plastic, organic layer of an O LED are thinner, lighter and more flexible
than the crystalline layer in a LED or LCD
 The light emitting layer of an O LED are lighter, the substrate of an O LED are
flexible instead of rigid O LED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass
used for LED’s and LCD’s
 O LED are brighter than LED’s
 O LED doesn’t require glass
 O LED doesn’t Backlight for working which is generated by themselves.
 Consume less power.
 Easy to produce in large scale.
 Drawbacks of O LED
 The biggest technical problem of this is the limited lifetime of the
organic material in particular O LED’s typically have lifetime of 5000
hours when it is used in flat panel display.
 In 2006 experiments found that it is possible to swap the chemical
component for a PHOSPHORENT one which would give a result around
of 20000 hours for blue PHOLED’s specially
 The intrusion of water into display can damage or destroy the organic
materials. Therefore improved sealing process are important for practical
manufacturing and may limit the longevity of more flexible display
 Applications of O LED
 In MAY 2005, Samsung electronics announced that it had developed a
prototype 40-inch, OLED- based, ultra-slim TV, the first of its size.
 “Super Top Emission, “a technology unique to Sony and incorporated in
its “Organic Panel” has a high aperture ratio which allows for efficient
light emission from the organic materials, realizing high peak brightness.
 OLED does not require a separate light source due to its light emitting
structure, therefore it can be powered using very low voltages.
 A Russian company has showed a prototype of an OLED keyboard where
the keys are displayed with OLED technology, thus the whole keyboard is
highly configurable.
 The position, appearance and function of the keys are switchable. In
addition, the keyboard looks awesome because of its LEDs.
 It is possible to associate keys with mathematical functions, HTML
codes or other special characters.
 There are preconfigured layouts for Quake, Photoshop and other main
stream games and applications.
 Windows that light up at dark, it is true this could be possible with
OLED. This is because organic light emitting diodes can be transparent.
 A window could act as a normal window at day, but at night it can be
used as a light resource. This vision can replace the boring old bulb in
the middle of every room.
 OLEDs can mimic a natural feeling of light in the dark. If
turned off, they are transparent – an ideal preconditioned for
windows.
 The problem is the fast burnout of the blue component. Blue
is one of the major colors needed to make white light.
 The newspaper of the future might be an OLED display that
refreshes with breaking news and like regular newspaper, you
could fold it up when you are done reading it and stick in
your briefcase.
Thank you