th THEORIES OF IMPRESSION

MAKING AND IMPRESSION

PROCEDURE FOR COMPLETE
DENTURE

DR. RUPSA RANI

SAHU
2nd year PGT 1
 CONTEN
 History TS
 Definitions
 Principles of Impression
Making
 Classification of
Impressions
 Impression Procedures
 Impression Techniques in
Compromised Situations
 Conclusion
 References

2 2
HISTORY
1728: Pierre Fauchard made dentures by measuring the mouth with
compasses and cutting bone into an approximate shape.

1845-1899: Concepts of atmospheric pressure, maximum extension of denture

bearing area, equal distribution of pressure and close adaptation of the denture
bearing tissues were stressed.

1886 – Richardson mentioned about making plaster impressions of tissues at rest

& achieving adhesion by contact

1896: Greene brothers introduced Muco-compressive theory.

1900-1929: Concepts like Rebase impressions, border molding, posterior palatal

seal and techniques for flabby tissues were introduced.

3
1930-1940: This era recognized the anatomy of the denture
bearing areas and muscle physiology was related to impression
procedures. This is evident by descriptions of border molding &
concept of special trays.

1946: Page gave the concept of mucostatics

1951: Boucher introduced selective pressure theory.

1965-1980: Techniques to manage compromised situations were

introduced

4
 COMPLETE DENTURE
IMPRESSION :
a complete denture impression is a negative
registration of the entire denture bearing,
stabilizing and border seal areas present in the
edentulous mouth. (GPT-9)

PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION :-
a negative likeness made for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment planning, and/or the
fabrication of a custom impression tray preload . (GPT-9)

5
 BORDER MOLDING :-
The shaping of impression material along the border areas of an impression
tray by functional or manual manipulation of the soft tissue adjacent to the
borders to duplicate the contour and size of the vestibule (GPT-9)

IMPRESSION MATERIAL :-
Any substance or combination of substances used for making an impression or
negative reproduction (GPT 9)

6
 PRINCIPLES OF IMPRESSION
MAKING
1. The impression should extend to include the entire basal seat.

2.The border must be in harmony with the anatomical and

physiological limitations of the structures.

3. Physiological type of border moulding procedure performed

(dentist
/patient under the guidance of the dentist).

4. Space for the final impression material within the impression

tray.

7
5. Selective pressure on the basal seat during impression making.

6. The impression must be removed without damage to mucous membrane

7. A guiding mechanism is provided for correct positioning of the tray.

8. Tray and impression material should be dimensionally stable.

9. External shape is similar to external form of the complete denture.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY, 3RD

EDITION

8
 Classification

Depending on Depending on
the theories of Depending on the purpose of
impression the impression
the technique
making

Muco- Open Diagnostic

compressiv
e Mouth

Muco-static Primary
Closed
Mouth
Selective
pressure Secondary
COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,
27 9
3RD EDITION
 Definite Pressure Technique/ Muco-
compressive
• Introduced by Greene brothers

• The tissues recorded under functional pressure provide better support and retention
for the denture.
• Many advocate the use of closed-mouth impression techniques.

• Advocates of this theory believe that occlusal loading during impression making
is comparable to the occlusal loading during function.

10
• Primary impression made with impression compound

• Special tray made using shellac base plate. And its periphery are 1/8th inch shorter
than denture outline.

• Second Impression is made in the special tray using compound

• Bite rims with uniform occlusal surfaces are then made.

• Areas to be relieved are softened and the impression is inserted in mouth and held
under biting pressure for one or two minutes

• Borders are molded by asking the patient to perform functional movements

• The PPS was obtained by making the patient swallow, under biting pressure.

11
 ADVANTAGE DIS-ADVANTAGE
• Better retention and support • The pressure applied can
during functional movements overstress the tissues.

• Provide more tissue coverage

• This often resulted in good
initial retention but eventual
bone resorption and loose
dentures.

• Loss of retention during rest

due to tissue rebound.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,3RD

EDITION
12
 Minimal Pressure Theory/
Mucostatic:-
• Described by Addison, 1944 who attributed it to Henry L. Page.

• He applied Pascal’s Law to soft tissues “Any pressure applied to

a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions”.

• Mucosa being more than 80% water, will react like a liquid in a closed vessel &
cannot be compressed.

•The impression material should record, without distortion, every detail of the
mucosa denture would fit all minute elevations & depressions.
13
• Demanded that a metal base be used instead of acrylics

• This theory has regarded interfacial surface tension as the only important
retentive mechanism.

• Did not use conventional flanges (did not resist vertical displacement).

• Dykins (1947) recommended a short lingual flange to resist

lateral displacement.

14
 ADVANTAGE
• High regards for the
tissue health and
preservation
• Good stability due to
close adaptation of
denture bases
COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,3RD EDITION
DISADVANTAGE
• Less tissue coverage
• Reduced retention
• Lack of border-moulding reduces
effective border seal
• Lack of border seal permits food
lodgment
• Compromised aesthetics due to
short denture flanges
• Tissue variations at the time of
impression making and insertion
may affect the results.
15
 Selective Pressure Technique
(Boucher):-
• Principle – mucosa over the ridge is best able to withstand pressure mucosa
covering midline is thin and has little submucosal tissue.

• Forces acting on the denture confined to the stress-bearing areas.

• Non stress-bearing areas are relieved and the stress-bearing areas

are allowed to come in contact with the tray.

16
 Disadvantages of selective pressure technique
• Demands firm, healthy mucosal covering over the ridge. Hence, it
cannot be used in flabby ridges

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,3RD

EDITION

17
 Mucoseal Technique :-
• Stated by Pryor, 1948

• Introduced as a variation to mucostatic technique

• Anterior lingual border molded by the floor of the mouth with the tongue
in repose

• Tray extended horizontally backward, over sublingual glands towards the

tongue to achieve a border seal

• Benefit of minimal pressure, provides maximum extension of denture

borders & maximum denture bearing area coverage.

Bernard Levin, Impressions for Complete Dentures 

18
Depending On The Technique
• Open Mouth Impressions:-
• Made with a tray that is held by the dentist.

Advantages

Visualization of the muscle trimming

Various movements can be accomplished easily. Denture

retention can be predicted in open as well as in

closed mouth movements.

Pressure or pressure-less technique can be employed by

using this technique.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J.

SHARRY,3RD EDITION 19
 Closed Mouth Impressions:-
• Supporting tissues are recorded in functional relationship.

• Requires wax occlusal rims.

20
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

• Interferences of tray • Rebound of the tissues during rest

handles and operator’s
finger is eliminated.
• Time saving -- Border molding,
final impression, jaw relation
(tentative/final) can be
completed in 1 time.
leads to denture displacement.
• Tendency for over-extension or under-
extension
• Fatiguing to the dentist and patient.
• A constant pressure is exerted
over tissues, hence blood supply
is compromised leading to ridge
resorption.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,3RD EDITION

21
 Depending On Manipulation :-
• Hand manipulation
The contour of the denture borders may be obtained by the dentist
with the use of manual manipulation of the lips and cheeks within
functional limits. Patient’s tongue movements record the lingual borders.

• Functional movements
The denture border may also be formed by having the patient make
“functional” or “physiological” movements such as sucking, grinning,
licking, swallowing etc.

COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J. SHARRY,3RD EDITION

22
 Depending On The Purpose Of The
Impression
(1) Diagnostic Impression :-
• The negative replica of the oral tissues used to prepare a diagnostic cast.

• Used for study purposes like measuring the undercuts, locating the path of
insertion.

• Is made as a part of treatment plan and to estimate the amount of pre- prosthetic
surgery required.

• Can be used for tentative jaw relation and to evaluate the inter-arch
space

43 25
 (2) Primary Impression :-
• An impression made for the purpose of construction of a special tray.

• There should be at least 6mm clearance between the stock tray and the ridge
for materials used in making primary impression.

(3) Secondary Impression:-

• Making the wash impression.

• Developing the posterior palatal seal.

Prosthetic treatment for edentulous patients, Zarb,

Bolender, 12th edition. 24 26
(A) Selection Of Impression Material :-

• The material is selected according to the clinical findings,

availability, which in turn influences the technique as well

(B) Selection Of Impression Tray :-

• The beginning of good impression starts with the selection of the

correct stock tray.

Prosthetic treatment for edentulous patients,

Zarb, Bolender, 12th edition.
25 25
Selection Of Maxillary
Stock Tray :-

• Width and height of the

vestibular spaces
• Posteriorly - cover the Hamular
notches & vibrating line
• Anteriorly - labial notch
should coincide with labial
frenum providing sufficient
clearance for the impression
material
• Tray under extended –
• Tuberosities
• Distobuccal areas.

26 26
Selection Of Mandibular Stock
Tray

• Posteriorly the tray should cover

the retromolar pad

• Anteriorly should be centralized

with labial frenum with adequate
clearance

• Tray under extended –

• Retromolar pad or in
• Retromylohyoid fossae.

Sheldon Winkler – Essentials of complete denture

prosthodontics – 2nd Edition.

27 27
(C) Selection Of Impression Technique
• Clinical findings
• Availability of the materials
• Experience of the dentist
• Patient related factors

28 28
Operator Position For Maxillary
Impression

Correct Incorrect

29 29
Operator position for Mandibular
Impression

Correct Incorrect
50 30
Making The Preliminary Impression

Selection of stock Position borders at

tray hammular
notches

Lift the tray

anteriorly, 3-5 mm Tray should be
space for impression adjusted by bending
31
material
Border of the tray Borders should be
should be cut if smoothened
required

Material
Manipulation
(hot water
bath at
140F) 32
 Placing The Tray In The Patients Mouth.

Performing Movements to mold the material.

33
 Mandibular Impression
• Impression compound is softened in a hot water bath at 140°F.

• After kneading it is loaded on to the tray and shaped roughly to the shape
of the ridge with the fingers.

• The distolingual flange areas can be molded with fingers to

simulate the final impression. COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS, JOHN J.
SHARRY,3RD EDITION

34
• The left posterior corner of the tray is inserted while retracting
the right cheek with operator’s left hand and tray is rotated and
centralized over the ridge.

35
• Patient is instructed to lift the tongue, and tray is seated while applying
pressure

• Light border molding movements are performed including tongue

movements.

• Compound is allowed to harden and chilled after removal impression is

inspected.

36
37
 SPECIAL TRAY :-
An individualized impression tray made from a cast recovered from a
preliminary
impression. It is used in making a final impression (GPT 8 )
Modified
stock tray -
Type II
impression
compound Double
Visible light thickness or
cure resin reinforced
trays shellac base
plate
Different
Techniques
Vacuum- Sprinkle-on
formed method for
thermoplasti c acrylic resin
resin trays Finger trays
adaptation
Dough method
for acrylic
resin trays
58 38
Depth of the sulcus is marked on the cast Borders are kept 2mm short

Lip and cheek are reflected and the Over-extensions are

39
borders are observed trimmed 59
 Tongue is Protruded Lateral movements Over-extensions are
performed trimmed ; Borders are
smoothened.

If tray raises posteriorly If tray displaces =

distolingual flange indicates contra-lateral
need adjustment. side over extension
40
 Checking for tray extensions in
maxillary arch

Tray Inserted In the Lip and cheek are reflected and the borders
patient’s mouth are observed

Over-extensions are trimmed

41
 Border Molding (Peripheral
Tracing , Muscle
Trimming)

• Border molding materials include:

• Modelling compound sticks (Green
Stick)
• Polyether impression paste
• Tissue conditioners
• Auto polymerizing acrylic resin
• Impression waxes

42
 Methods Of Border Molding

(1) Functional method :-

Normal functional movements mold the borders in harmony with muscle action

Labial and Buccal frenum Lingual

Buccal and Buccal Lingual Distobucca
borders border and l borders
borders borders Floor of
mouth

Smiling Licking the lips Opening, closing

whistling Sucking and tongue Swallowin and side to side
grinning movements g movements
43
(2)Digital manipulation :-
• Dentist manipulates the lips and cheeks of the patient to simulate
the influence of these on the denture borders.
• Easy ; does not require much of patient cooperation.
• Influenced by the direction of movement and the force applied.

(3)Combined :-
• Border molding is usually done by a combination of digital
manipulation by the dentist and functional movements by the patients.

44
 Steps In Sectional Border Molding

Softened compound added along dry Softened again with alcohol

borders of required segment torch.

Cheek outward, downward 65 45

Tempered in warm water bath. and inward
 Labial Border Molding Molding the
outward, downward and inwards
Frenum

Tray seated in mouth with firm pressure.

Compound placed on posterior 46
 Compound placed on posterior border The tray gently seated in place.

The borders should be smooth,round

Compound added on buccal border
and symmetrical 71 47
Compound placed on labial border Labial Border Molding
outward, upward and inward

Lingual Border Molding Movements

7 48
2
51
 Secondary Impression
The final impression material is mixed according to manufacturer’s directions
and uniformly distributed within the tray.

52
53
Techniques Of Impression Making

54
 One Step Border Molding Procedure (Polyether)
( Boucher, JPD:1979:41:347 ) Dale E. Smith

Polyether Quickly pre-

Material is Tray is inserted
loaded into a shaped to
Adhesive is syringed in the mouth
plastic proper contours
applied on around the without
syringe with with finger
material
the tray borders & moistened in
slightly less distortion
PPS area cold water
catalyst

55
 Deficient site
Borders All corrected with
Remove tray Examine for
checked for movements a small mix of
when
proper carried out accuracy polyether
material is set material added
extensions quickly.
to the area

Advantages :

• Numbers of insertion of the tray are reduced.

• Developing all borders simultaneously avoids propagation of errors

caused by a mistake in one section affecting the border contours in
another. 82 56
 Impression using new silicone impression
materials
I.Hayakawa, I Watanabe(2003)

• Convenient technique for

making impression using newer
silicone materials .

• Heavy bodied silicone material isused

for simultaneous molding of all
borders . (Exahiflex GC)
Tray 2mm short of tissue
• Final wash impression is made with
light bodied silicone material
(Exadenture GC)

83 55
Apply adhesive
 Add silicone across border and PPS area

Examine borders ; trim excess material ; Deficient areas

remolded

84
Advantages :

• Easy to perform

• Recommended for beginners

• Reduction in chair side time

• Silicone material – non irritating, minimal patient discomfort.

59
Impression Techniques In Compromised
Situations

Unsupported
hyperplastic flabby Severely resorbed
ridges mandibular ridge.

Restricted access to oral Unemployed

cavity. Mandibular Ridge.

60
 Impression Technique For Patient
With Unsupported Flabby
Ridges

Hobkirk Jone.D. Walter Zafrulla Khan

Technique Technique Technique

Splint Palatal Splinting Using William.H.

method Two Tray Method By Filler
Osborne And Technique
by Modification By Devlin
Allan
Modified fluid
wax technique

61
• The hypermobile tissues should be recorded without distortion with
minimum displacement.

• Rest of the tissues are recorded with selective pressure technique.

62
HOBKRIKS TECHNIQUE (Management of Flabby Ridge
Using Hobkirk’s Technique: A Case Report Rukhsar Showkat, Amit Sharma, Shiv Kumar, Sakshi
M Kaura European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 2020 )

61
Walter Technique:

• Healthy tissues - zinc oxide eugenol paste

• Undisplaced fibrous tissue - impression plaster.

(BDJ 1964:117:392)

64
Zafurulla Khan Technique/Window Technique:
-

Clinical appearance Fenestration of Custom Tray

Functional Border Molding Custom Tray with FBM 63

 Making Impression ZEO ZEO Impression

Application of POP Completed Impression

Khan Z, Jaggers JH, Shay JS. Impressions of unsupported movable tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 64
1981;103(4):590-92.
 Splint Technique By Allan Mack

• Exceptionally flabby tissues.

• Special tray made with heavy relief over the flabby area, plaster is mixed
and applied (3mm), allowed to set.

• Tray is filled with 2nd mix of plaster and the impression is made.

• The initial coating of the flabby areas thus acting as a ‘splint’ whilst the
impression is made and it gets removed along with the second impression

Crawford RW, Walmsley AD. A review of prosthodontics management of fibrous ridges.

Br Dent J 2005;199(11):715-19. 67
 Modified Fluid Wax Impression:
• They suggested a functional impression technique using fluid wax that
captures the primary and secondary loadbearing areas without distortion of
the residual ridge. The steps involved in this technique are:
• Preliminary impression made with an irreversible hydrocolloid impression
material.
• Border mold the tray with modelling plastic impression compound in
segments.

Tan KM, Singer MT Masri R, Driscoll CF. Modified fluid wax impression for a severely
resorbed edentulous mandibular ridge. J Prosthet Dent 2009;101(4):279-82
66
• Trim the tray over the crest of the residual ridge and create a window
opening above the displaceable mandibular ridge.
• Melt the impression wax in a water bath and apply onto the borders of the
tray with a wax spatula until a glossy surface is visible.
• Apply adhesive on the tray surrounding the window opening and allow it
to dry.
• Place the impression tray on the ridge and inject vinyl polysiloxane
impression material over the window opening.

Tan KM, Singer MT Masri R, Driscoll CF. Modified fluid wax

impression for a severely resorbed edentulous mandibular 67
ridge. J Prosthet Dent 2009;101(4):279-82
 Palatal Splinting Using A Two-part Tray
System
• Osborne described a technique with two overlying impression trays.
• One is a palatal tray and the other one is a usual maxillary custom tray
which is fabricated in such a way that it completely covers the palatal tray.

68
Osborne J. Two impression methods for mobile fibrous ridges. Br Dent
J. 1964;117:392–394 69
• A modification of Osborne’s technique was developed by Devlin in 1985
(Fig. 4), in which a locating rod is positioned inthe center of the palatal tray.

Devlin H. A method for recording an impression for a patient with a fibrous maxillary 70
alveolar ridge. Quint Int. 1985;6: 395–397.
Impression Technique For Severely
Resorbed Mandibular
Ridge
• Cases which lack of ideal amount of supporting structure.

• Encroachment of the surrounding mobile tissues on to the denture

border reduce both stability and retention.

• Thus the main aim of the impression procedure is to gain maximum area
of coverage with minimum pressure by obtaining a fairly long
retromylohyoid flange for a better border seal and retention.

72
 Dynamic Impression
Flange Technique Technique

Winkler’s
Technique(Functional Nuetral zone technique
Reline)

Vaibhav Jain, Poonam Prakash, Vijay Kumar R,

Vishvnathe Udayshankar. Impressing for
Mccold and Tyson excellence: special impression techniques for
compromised ridges: case report. International
Admixed Technique Journal of Contemporary Medical Research
2019;6(7):G18-G21.

73
 Flange technique by Frank Lott and Bernard Levin

• Making impressions of the soft structures adjacent to the buccal,

lingual labial surfaces and incorporating the resulting extensions or
flanges in denture.

• Fluid wax is rolled from the retromolar pad region to sublingual

region, large enough to restore the areas of estimated resorption.

• Patient is asked to forcefully perform functional movements to give a

border extensions which covers maximum surface area.

JPD 1966:16:394-413

74
 Dynamic impression method
(G. Tryde, K.Olsson,
Jenson)
Dynamic impression technique was used to record functional
impression with maximum denture bearing area possible.

Vaibhav Jain, Poonam Prakash, Vijay

Kumar R, Vishvnathe Udayshankar.
Impressing for excellence: special
impression techniques for compromised
ridges: case report. International Journal
of Contemporary Medical Research
2019;6(7):G18-G21.

75
Winkler’s Technique : -
•proposed by Winkler, a closed mouth functional impression technique.

•In this technique, a denture base and occlusal rims are fabricated on the primary cast and tentative jaw
relation is done. Tissue conditioning material is applied on the tissue surface of mandibular denture
base do various functional movements.

•Three application of tissue conditioner material is done at an interval of 8–10 minutes. The final
impression is made with light body addition silicone material with closed mouth technique

Dharmendra Kumar Singh,Rajani Dable,

Piyush Tandon, Abhishek Jain TMU J.
Dent Vol. 1; Issue 4 Oct – Dec 2014
76
 Nuetral Zone Technique
•After taking jaw relations, the maxillary and
mandibular cast is mounted using a face bow
transfer.
.

Jain M. Impression techniques for the resorbed

mandibular arch: A guide to increased stability. J Sci Soc
2015;42:88-91

76
 Flat Mandibular Ridge Covered With
Atrophic Mucosa : Mccord And Tyson
Admixed Technique
• Complicated by folds of atrophic and/or non-
keratinised tissue lying on the ridge

• Impression medium -- admix –

3 parts (red)
impression compound 7 parts of
greenstick (by weight)

• The working time of this admix is 1–2 minutes

and this enables the clinician to mould the
tissues to give good peripheral moulding
Vaibhav Jain, Poonam Prakash, Vijay Kumar R, Vishvnathe Udayshankar. Impressing for excellence: special
impression techniques for compromised ridges: case report. International Journal of Contemporary Medical 79
Research 2019;6(7):G18-G21.
 Cocktail Impression Technique: A New Approach to
Atwood’s Order VI Mandibular Ridge Deformity

High-fusing impression compound on

 Custom tray fabricated with
mandibular rests withmaxillary ridge
mandibular rests 
indentation
at increasedvertical height

Custom tray fits against maxillary alveolar

ridge at increasedvertical height
80
Patient performing functional movements The final
with custom tray in position impression

Praveen G J Indian Prosthodont Soc (Jan-Mar 2011) 11(1):32–35

81
Fabrication of a sectional impression tray and sectional
complete denture for a patient with microstomia and
trismus: A clinical report

• Maxillary impression inserted into the patient’s mouth in 2 separate

pieces: left and right.

•After placement, these pieces were stabilized by means of the acrylic

resin block.

• Zinc-oxide eugenol impression.

82
•After the impression paste set, acrylic resin block detached from the
pins, right and the left pieces removed separately by fracturing the
impression material.

•The acrylic resin block was carefully fitted on the pins, and after it
was determined that the fracture line joined smoothly, and cast were
poured
J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:540

83
 Fibrous (Unemployed) Posterior Mandibular
Ridge (Crawford RW, Walmsley AD. A review of prosthodontics management of fibrous ridges.
Br Dent J 2005;199(11):715-19.)

Fibrous posterior mandibular ridge. This Preliminary stage using tracing compound
ridge as such is not useful for support

Crestal area cleared of tracing compound, Definitive impression using light-bodied

tray perforated on crestal area polyvinyl siloxane 82
 CONCLUSION
The main objective of impression making is to fabricate dentures
having maximum retention and stability without causing any damage
to the supporting structures. Thus the choice of impression technique
and material is made by the dentist on the basis of the oral conditions,
concepts of function of the tissues surrounding the denture and ability
to handle the available impression material.

85
 References :
• Zarb GA,Bolender CL,Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients- 12thed, 13th ed
• Impression for complete dentures, Bernard Levin
• Complete denture prosthodontics, John J Sharry, 3rd ed
• Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Winkler
• Management of the flabby ridge: using contemporary materials to solve an old
problem,BDJ:2006:258:261
• Modified impression technique for hyperplastic alveolar ridges
JPD:1971:25:609.
• Physiological determinants of primary impressions for complete
dentures,JPD:1984:53:611

86
• Fabrication of a sectional impression tray and sectional complete denture for a
patient with microstomia and trismus: A clinical report; J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:540
• A systematic review of impression technique for conventional complete denture
J Indian Prosthodont Soc :10(2):105-111
• A critical analysis of mid century impression techniques for full dentures J Prosthet
Dent 1951; 472-491
• A critical analysis of complete denture impression procedures: contribution of
early prosthodontists in India J Indian Prosthodont Soc ;11(3):172-182
• Impressions for complete dentures using new silicone impression materials
• Hayakawa, Watanabe; Quintessence International:34:3:177-180

• Vaibhav Jain, Poonam Prakash, Vijay Kumar R, Vishvnathe Udayshankar.

Impressing for excellence: special impression techniques for compromised ridges:
case report. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research
2019;6(7):G18-G21.

• Crawford RW, Walmsley AD. A review of prosthodontics management of fibrous

ridges. Br Dent J 2005;199(11):715-19.)

• Tan KM, Singer MT Masri R, Driscoll CF. Modified fluid wax impression for a
severely resorbed edentulous mandibular ridge. J Prosthet Dent 2009;101(4):279-
82
87
•Management of Flabby Ridge Using Hobkirk’s Technique: A Case Report Rukhsar
Showkat, Amit Sharma, Shiv Kumar, Sakshi M Kaura European Journal of Dental and
Oral Health 2020 )

•Khan Z, Jaggers JH, Shay JS. Impressions of unsupported movable tissues. J Am Dent
Assoc 1981;103(4):590-92.

•Devlin H. A method for recording an impression for a patient with a fibrous maxillary
alveolar ridge. Quint Int. 1985;6: 395–397.

•Osborne J. Two impression methods for mobile fibrous ridges. Br Dent J. 1964;117:392–
394

86
THANK YOU

87