Database Systems

Instructor Name: Muhammad Hafeez

Lecture-1
 Course Overview

 Develop understanding of Business/ commercial data oriented application

 Develop the concepts of both theoretical as well as practical aspects of database

 Main Emphasis on:

 Introduction to Database

 Database Design (Conceptual and Logical)

 Structured Query Language (SQL)

 Database Implementation (Through a commercial RDBMS)

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 Grading

Semester Work (20%)

 Assignments & Quizzes (5%)

 Semester Project (15%)

Mid-Term (20%)

Final-Term (60%)

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 Guidelines

 This is tentative grading

 Quizzes shall be unannounced you can expect quiz on daily basis

 Each Semester Project can be done in the group of at most two students

 Each group select a unique topic of interest which my shall not be duplicated

 Submit your topic till Mid-Term after duly approved from the course instructor

 The detailed requirement of semester project shall be delivered to you as the

course proceed

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 Recommended Books

 Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al.

 Database System: Design, Implementation and Management, by Cathrine Recordo

 Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5/E, Elmasri and Navathe

 Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management 5E,

R.Connolly and P. Begg,

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 Lecture Reference

Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery

A. Hoffer et al.

CHAPTER - 1

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 Manual File System

Initial systems to store and manage data

files in the computers

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 Manual File System

Examination System/ Library Systems/ Scholarship Systems/

Application Prorams Application Programs Application Programs

Examination Data Scholarship Data

Library Data Files
Files Files

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 Disadvantages of File Systems

Duplicate Data

Inconsistent Data

Non-sharing of data

Program-Data Dependence

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 Database Approach

Examination/ Library/ Scholarship/

Application Application Application
Programs Programs Programs

Database
Management
System

University Database

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 Advantages of Database Systems

 Program Data Independence

 Separation of Data Descriptions from application programs

 Planned Data Redundancy

 Data is stored at single location and accessed anywhere in the database

 Improved Data Consistency

 Change in data is done in the entire database

 Improved Data Sharing

 Data is accessed at different user views from the same database

 Increase Productivity of Applications

 Enhance and improve the production of new application as well as extending the existing applications

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 Advantages of Database Systems

Increased Enforcement of Standards

Improved Data Quality

Improved Data Accessibility and

Responsiveness

Reduced Program Maintenance

Improved Decision Support 12

 Data

A collection of structured, unstructured

data stored in a computer system.

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 Example of Data

Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14

Kamran 001-BSCS-14

NASIR 031-BSCS-14

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 Information

A processed form of data to increase the

knowledge of users who uses this data.

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 Example of Information

Government College University Lahore

List of Enrolled Students

Course Title: Database System Course Code: CS-2014

Semester: V
Student Name Roll #

Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14

Kamran 001-BSCS-14

NASIR 031-BSCS-14
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 Metadata

Data that describes the properties and

characteristics of user data.

Also called “Data about data”

Data types, size, allowable values etc.

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 Database

A shared collection of logically related

data, designed to meet the information

needs of multiple users in an organization.

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 History of Database Evolution

Flat File Systems – (1960-1970)

Hierarchical Data Model

Network Data Model – (1960-Mid 1970)

Relational Data Model – (Mid 1970 - Present)

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 Contd-

Flat File System

 Data Storage

 Record Management

 But no Relationship between data

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 Contd-

Hierarchical Data Model

 Developed to handle the large amount of data produced by complex

manufacturing systems

 Logically represented by up-side down tree

 Each Hierarchical level or SEGMENT is equivalent to a Record type

 Each parent and children has one-to-many relationship that is an

advantage over the flat file system that had no relationship or

navigations
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 Contd-

Hierarchical Data Model

However, its disadvantage are:
 No Standards which makes it less portable

 Lack of structural independence

 Only supports 1:M relationship

 Complex to implement

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Contd- Hierarchical Model Example

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 Metadata

Data that describes the properties and

characteristics of user data.

Also called “Data about data”

Data types, size, allowable values etc.

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