AR6010 Unit 3

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AR6010 Advance Structures

A R6 0 1 0 - A DVA N CE ST R UCT UR E
N E H R U S C H O O L O F A R C H I T E C T U R E C O I M B ATO R E
SYLLABUS
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UNIT I -PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Losses of Prestress – Design requirements – Design of determinate beams.
UNIT II- FLAT SLABS
• Proportioning of flat slabs – Methods of analysis and design – Design of flat slabs – Shear in flat slab – Code
provisions.
UNIT III -HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

• Introduction – Load action in high rise buildings – Various structural systems – Approximate analysis and Design
of frames for gravity and horizontal loadings.
UNIT IV -TENSILE STRUCTURES
• Concept, Development, Laws of formation, Merits and Demerits of Pneumatic structures – Basic principles,
Various forms, Merits and Demerits of cable structures.
UNIT V -GRIDS, DOMES AND FOLDED PLATES
• Grids – Types of Grids – Domes – Geodesic domes – Shells and various forms – folded plates
3.High Rise Building
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INTRODUCTION
• The high-rise building is generally defined as one that is taller
than the maximum height greater than 35 meter.
• The foundations of high-rise buildings must sometimes
support very heavy gravity loads
• They usually consist of

• concrete piers, piles,
• or caissons that are sunk into the ground.
• Above 40 floors (Sky scraper).
Load action in high rise building
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• The foundations of high-rise buildings support very heavy

loads, but the systems developed for low-rise buildings
are used, though enlarged in scale. These include
concrete caisson columns bearing on rock or building on
exposed rock itself. Bearing piles and floating foundations
are also used.
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IS code for high rise building

• IS 875 Part-1: CODE FOR DEAD LOADS
• IS 875 Part-2: CODE FOR IMPOSED LOADS
• IS 875 Part-3: CODE FOR WIND LOADS

• IS 875 Part-4: CODE FOR SNOW LOAD (OTHER-

LOADS)
• IS 875 Part-5: CODE FOR SPECIAL LOADS AND

COMBINATIONS
Dead load
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Self Weight / Dead Loads

• Self weight of a building is the load generated by
the members of the structure and are fixed.
These are for example weight of the slab,
columns, windows, floor, and ceilings. These are
the permanent constructions involved. It is also

known as the dead load.
• In simple terms, dead load is the weight of the
building without furniture, people and other
immovable items. It is calculated by dimensions
of various members and their unit weights.
Dead load
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Imposed Loads Or Live Loads

• Imposed loads or live load is the load put up on
the structure by movable entities. It is
calculated by occupancy of the building and
weight of movable partitions, distributed and
concentrated loads. For example, combined

weight of all machines or instruments or
materials in a building, furniture etc.
Wind loads
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Wind Loads
• Wind is air in motion relative to the surface
of the earth. The primary cause of wind is
traced to earth’s rotation and differences in
terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects
are primarily responsible for convection

either upwards or downwards. The wind
generally blows horizontal to the ground at
high wind speeds.
Wind loads
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Wind Loads
• Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The
primary cause of wind is traced to earth’s rotation and differences
in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The
wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds.
• Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively
small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal

wind, vertical winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds
are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs which
are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally
varying from 10 to 30 metres above ground. This force is
considered only in high rise buildings or where wind speeds are
higher. They exert a lot of pressure on the walls of building and
may cause a lot of damage if not taken into consideration.
Seismic loads
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• Seismic load or the Earthquake load/loading is the load

generated when an earthquake is in action. It is very much
important for areas near volcanoes or areas with high
earthquake intensity (or ZONES). These zones are more
prone to high intensity earthquake than the other areas into
consideration.
• For example, in India, Zone 5 is considered to be highly
prone to major earthquakes whereas Zone 1 is considered to

be least prone to major seismic activities.
• While designing, Zone Factors are taken into consideration
for the respective zones to calculate the seismic loads. Since
Earthquake produce vibrations and movements on the
surface of the earth, it also exerts force of the walls of the
structure causing them to collapse. These are very fatal if
not considered and can cause a calamity.
Load combination
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• 5. Load Combinations
• Load combination, as the name signifies, is the
combination of various loads taken together into the
consideration. This is analysed by Aided Design
softwares such as AutoCAD or STAAD. These softwares
analyse these forces with the help of visual animated
diagrams which shows how the combination of loads

would act on a structure.
• These forces are calculated with the help of standard IS
codes which are strictly followed while designing. They
(Load Combination study by STAAD.pro.
are pre-installed in these softwares and are followed Notice the Rows and columns)
while calculations. There are various IS codes each
referring to different work. The IS codes for some of the
works are as follows-
Various structural system
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• Braced frame structural system.

• Rigid frame structural system.
• Wall-frame system (dual system)
• Shear wall system.
• Core and outrigger structural system.

• Infilled frame structural system.
• Flat plate and flat slab structural
system.
• Tube structural system.
Braced framed structural system
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• A braced frame is a structural system commonly

used in structures subject to lateral loads such as
wind and seismic pressure. ... The beams and
columns that form the frame carry vertical loads,
and the bracing system carries the lateral loads.
• Wall bracing provides steel-framed structures both
lateral and longitudinal stability. Bracing transfers
the stress of loads across the walls
from brace to brace, dispersing the load at any
given point. Every building, no matter the size must
be able to resist any anticipated structural loads to
avoid collapse
The John Hancock Center is a braced tube structure.
Rigid framed structural system
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• A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load

resisting skeleton constructed with straight or curved
members interconnected by mostly rigid connections
which resist movements induced at the joints of
members. Its members can take bending moment,
shear, and axial loads.
• Consist of columns and girders joined by moment

resistant connections.
• Can build upto 20 to 25 floors
Shear wall system
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• Concrete or masonry continuous

vertical walls may serve both
architecturally partitions and
structurally to carry gravity and
lateral loading. Very high in plane
stiffness and strength make them
ideally suited for bracing tall

building.
• Usually built as the core of the
building.
• Can build upto 35 Floors.
Core and outrigger structural system
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• The core may be centrally located with outriggers

extending on both sides or in some cases it may
be located on one side of the building with
outriggers extending to the building columns on
the other side
• The outriggers are generally in the form of

trusses (1 or 2 story deep) in steel structures, or
walls in concrete structures, that effectively act
as stiff headers inducing a tension compression
couple in the outer columns.
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In filled frame structural system
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• A framework of beams and columns in which some

bays of frames are infilled with masonry walls that
may or may not be mechanically connected to the
frame. Due to great stiffness and strength in their
planes, infill walls do not allow the beams and
columns to bend under horizontal loading, changing
the structural performance of the frame.

• During an earthquake, diagonal compression struts
form in the infills so the structure behaves more like a
Braced Frame rather than a Moment Frame. Infill walls
can be part-height or completely fill the frame.
Flat slab structural system
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• Flat slab construction method basically involves

reinforcing concrete slab supported by concrete columns
directly without any use of beams. Generally, the height
of drop panels is almost two times the height of the slab.
Types of Flat Slab Construction
• There are four major types of flat slab construction:

• Simple flat slab construction
• Flat slab construction with column heads
• Flat slab construction with drop panels
• Flat slab construction with both column heads and drop
panels
Tube structural system
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• The tube system concept is based on the idea that a

building can be designed to resist lateral loads by
designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the
perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced
columns that are tied together with deep spandrel
beams through moment connections. This assembly of

columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts
to a dense and strong structural wall along the
exterior of the building.
The different tubular systems are-
1)Framed tube 2)Braced tube 3)Bundled tube 4)Tube in
tube
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THANK YOU 
Ar Gokul sp
Assistant Professor - Nehru School of Architecture, Coimbatore

+91-9094840755 Gokul.nsa@nehrucolleges.com

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R e g u l a ti o n s - 2 0 1 7

AR6010 Advance Structures

UNIT I -PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

UNIT III -HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

• They usually consist of

• The foundations of high-rise buildings support very heavy

IS code for high rise building

• IS 875 Part-2: CODE FOR IMPOSED LOADS

• IS 875 Part-3: CODE FOR WIND LOADS

• IS 875 Part-4: CODE FOR SNOW LOAD (OTHER-

• IS 875 Part-5: CODE FOR SPECIAL LOADS AND

Self Weight / Dead Loads

the permanent constructions involved. It is also

Imposed Loads Or Live Loads

concentrated loads. For example, combined

are primarily responsible for convection

small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal

• Seismic load or the Earthquake load/loading is the load

prone to major earthquakes whereas Zone 1 is considered to

diagrams which shows how the combination of loads

• Braced frame structural system.

• Core and outrigger structural system.

• A braced frame is a structural system commonly

• A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load

• Consist of columns and girders joined by moment

• Concrete or masonry continuous

ideally suited for bracing tall

• The core may be centrally located with outriggers

• The outriggers are generally in the form of

• A framework of beams and columns in which some

the structural performance of the frame.

• Flat slab construction method basically involves

• There are four major types of flat slab construction:

• The tube system concept is based on the idea that a

beams through moment connections. This assembly of

Assistant Professor - Nehru School of Architecture, Coimbatore

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