C

HRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE P ULMONARY DISEASE

HERE WE WILL KNOW ABOUT
 PATHOLOGY RISK FACTORS PREVENTON
& & & COMPLICATION
CAUSES DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION TYPES
PHYSIOTHERAPY
& &
MANAGEMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY SYMPTOMS
 PATHOLOGY RISK FACTORS PREVENTON
& & & COMPLICATION
CAUSES DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION TYPES
PHYSIOTHERAPY
& &
MANAGEMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY SYMPTOMS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes
obstructed airflow from the lungs and characterized by shortness of breath.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• COPD is the 5th leading cause of death in the United States for all ages and both genders;
fifth for men and fourth for women
• Men were found to have a prevalence of 11.8% and women 8.5%. The numbers vary in
different regions of the world
• More than 12,000 persons died of COPD. The middle adult years, and the incidence of
COPD increases with age Chronic bronchitis
•  It is the 4th leading cause of mortality and 12th leading cause of disability in the united states.  In 2020
COPD is the 3rd leading cause of death
TYPES OF COPD
There are two main types of COPD
•Emphysema
•Chronic bronchitis
Besides refractory(severe) asthma is a one type of asthma.

EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema is a complex lung condition that causes shortness of breath
characterized by damage to the gas-exchanging surface of the lung(alveoli).

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is a long term inflammation of the lower respiratory tract
characterized by  excessive mucous secretion, cough, dyspnea associated
with recurrent infection of the lower respiratory tract.
CAUSES

1)Smoking
2) Occupational exposures- exposure to workplace dusts found
in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry and
chemicals such as cadmium, isocyanates, and fumes from
welding have been implicated in the development of airflow
obstruction.
3) Air pollution
4) sudden airway constriction in response to inhaled irritants,
5) Bronchial hyper responsiveness, is a characteristic of asthma.
6)Genetics-Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition
that is responsible for about 2% of cases of COPD. In this
condition, the body does not make enough of a protein, alpha 1-
antitrypsin. Alpha 1- antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage
caused by protease enzymes, such as elastase and trypsin, that
can be released as a result of an inflammatory response to
tobacco smoke.
  PATHOLOGYPATHOLOGY
 Abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs due to toxic
gases.

Response occurs in the airways ,parenchyma & pulmonary

vasculature.

Narrowing of the airway takes place

Destruction of parenchyma leads to emphysema.

Pulmonary vascular changes

(Thickening of vessels
Collagen deposit
Destruction of capillary bed)

Mucus hypersecretion(cilia dysfunction, airflow limitation)

Chronic cough and sputum production

RISK FACTORS
• Genes
• Exposure to particles
1. Tobacco smoke
2. Occupational dust, organic & inorganic
3. Indoor air pollution
4. Outdoor air pollution
• Lung growth & development
• Oxidative stress
• Gender
• Age
• Respiratory infections
• Previous TB
• Socioeconomic status
• Nutrition
• Comorbidities
• Alcohol Ingestion
SYMPTOMS:
• A cough that doesn't go away
• Coughing up lots of mucus
• Shortness of breath, especially when you’re physically active
• Wheezing or squeaking when you breathe
• Tightness in your chest
• Frequent colds or flu
• Blue fingernails
• Low energy
• Losing weight without trying (in later stages)
• Swollen ankles, feet, or legs
DIAGNOSIS

• History
Whether you've recently had a cold or the flu
Whether you smoke or spend time around
others who smoke
Whether you've been exposed to dust, fumes,
vapors, or air pollution -

• Mucus -to see whether you have a bacterial

infection
• Chest x ray,
• lung function tests
• CBC
• ABG analysis
• Spirometry-to find out airflow obstruction
• CT scan of the lung.
• Screening of alpha antitrypsin deficiency
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT
• Removal of secretion by:
1.The active cycle of breathing technique
a) thoracic expansion exercises
b) forced expiratory technique
2. Postural drainage
3. Humidification

• improving breathing pattern

•  Increasing and maintaining exercise tolerance

•  Inspiratory muscle training Inspiratory muscle training 

1.inspiraory resistance training
2. Diaphragmatic training using weights

• Preventing & relieving episodes of dyspnea

• Ergonomic advice
Complications

1.Respiratory infections
2.Heart problems
3.Lung cancer
4.High blood pressure in lung arteries.
5.Depression
6.Thinning Bones
7.Poor Gas Exchange
8.Weight Issues
9. Sleep Problems
10. Atrial Fibrillation
TIPS FOR PREVENTION
• Quit smoking to help reduce your risk of heart disease and lung cancer.

• Get an annual flu vaccination and regular vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia
to reduce your risk of or prevent some infections.